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Uimhir 3 de 1988
AN tACHT UM DHLÍNSE CÚIRTEANNA AGUS FORGHNÍOMHÚ BREITHIÚNAS (NA COMHPHOBAIL EORPACHA), 1988
RIAR NA nALT
Téacs de Choinbhinsiún 1968 arna leasú le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 agus le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982.
Téacs de Phrótacal 1971 arna leasú le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 agus le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982.
Teidil V agus VI de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978.
Teidil V agus VI de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982.
Sainchónaí.
Na hAchtanna dá dTagraítear | |
Achtanna na gCúirteanna (Forálacha Forlíontacha), 1961 go 1986 | |
An tAcht um an Dlí Teaghlaigh (Cothabháil Céilí agus Leanaí), 1976 | |
Uimhir 3 de 1988
AN tACHT UM DHLÍNSE CÚIRTEANNA AGUS FORGHNÍOMHÚ BREITHIÚNAS (NA COMHPHOBAIL EORPACHA), 1988
[An tiontú oifigiúil]
Léiriú.
1.—(1) San Acht seo—
ciallaíonn “Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978” an Coinbhinsiún ar aontachas an Stáit, na Danmhairge agus na Ríochta Aontaithe le Coinbhinsiún 1968 agus le Prótacal 1971, a síníodh i Lucsamburg an 9ú lá de Dheireadh Fómhair, 1978;
ciallaíonn “Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982” an Coinbhinsiún ar aontachas na Poblachta Heilléanaí le Coinbhinsiún 1968 agus le Prótacal 1971 (arna leasú i ngach cás le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978), a síníodh i Lucsamburg an 25ú lá de Dheireadh Fómhair, 1982;
ciallaíonn “Stát Conarthach”—
(a) ceann de na páirtithe bunaidh i gCoinbhinsiún 1968 (an Bheilg, Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, An Fhrainc, An Iodáil, Lucsamburg agus an Ísiltír), nó
(b) ceann de na páirtithe a aontaíonn do Choinbhinsiún 1968 faoi Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 nó faoi Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982 (An Stát, An Danmhairg, An Ríocht Aontaithe agus An Phoblacht Heilléanach),
ar stát é ar tháinig Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 i bhfeidhm maidir leis de réir Airteagal 39 den Choinbhinsiún sin nó, de réir mar is iomchuí, ar tháinig Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982 i bhfeidhm maidir leis de réir Airteagal 15 den Choinbhinsiún sin, agus, i gcás go gceadaíonn an comhthéacs amhlaidh, forléireofar “Stát Conarthach” chun a chumasú don Acht seo éifeacht a bheith leis maidir leis na háiteanna a mbeidh éifeacht ag Coinbhinsiún 1968 ina leith de bhua Airteagal 60;
ciallaíonn “Coinbhinsiún 1968” an Coinbhinsiún ar dhlínse agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála (lena n-áirítear an Prótacal atá i gceangal leis an gCoinbhinsiún sin), a síníodh sa Bhruiséil an 27ú lá de Mheán Fómhair, 1968;
ciallaíonn “na Coinbhinsiúin” Coinbhinsiún 1968, Prótacal 1971, Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 agus, ar thosach feidhme alt 3 den Acht seo agus uaidh sin amach, a mhéid a bhaineann sé le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982, Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982;
folaíonn “cúirt” binse;
ciallaíonn “ordú forghníomhaithe”—
(a) ordú a dhéanfaidh Máistir na hArd-Chúirte faoi alt 5 den Acht seo chun iomlán breithiúnais nó cuid de bhreithiúnas a aithint nó a fhorghníomhú, nó
(b) ordú ón Ard-Chúirt chun iomlán ionstraime nó socraíochta nó cuid díobh dá dtagraítear i dTeideal IV de Coinbhinsiún 1968 a aithint nó a fhorghníomhú,
agus folaíonn sé ordú forghníomhaithe a dhéantar nó a athraítear ar achomharc ó bhreith a thug Máistir na hArd-Chúirte nó ó bhreith na hArd-Chúirte;
tá le “na Comhphobail Eorpacha” an bhrí chéanna atá leis in alt 1 d'Acht na gComhphobal Eorpach, 1972;
ciallaíonn “an Chúirt Eorpach” Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach;
ciallaíonn “breithiúnas” ach amháin in alt 2 den Acht seo ach faoi réir alt 6 den Acht seo, breithiúnas nó ordú lena mbaineann an tAcht seo de bhua an ailt sin 2;
ciallaíonn “creidiúnaí cothabhála”, i ndáil le hordú cothabhála, an duine atá i dteideal na n-íocaíochtaí dá bhforáiltear leis an ordú;
ciallaíonn “féichiúnaí cothabhála”, i ndáil le hordú cothabhála, an duine a dhlífidh íocaíochtaí a dhéanamh faoin ordú;
ciallaíonn “ordú cothabhála”, faoi réir alt 6 den Acht seo, breithiúnas ar breithiúnas é a bhaineann le cothabháil (de réir bhrí Choinbhinsiún 1968) a mhéid, agus a mhéid amháin, a dhéanann sé foráil maidir le híocaíochtaí tréimhsiúla a dhéanamh;
ciallaíonn “an tAire” an tAire Dlí agus Cirt;
ciallaíonn “stát neamhchonarthach” aon stát, tír nó críoch seachas Stát Conarthach;
ciallaíonn “Prótacal 1971” an Prótacal maidir le léiriú Choinbhinsiún 1968 ag an gCúirt Eorpach, a síníodh i Lucsamburg an 3ú lá de Mheitheamh, 1971.
(2) Maidir le doiciméad a airbheartóidh gur cóip de bhreithiúnas é arna thabhairt ag cúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh, measfar, chun críocha an Achta seo, go mbeidh sé fíordheimhnithe go cuí má airbheartaíonn sé—
(a) séala na cúirte sin a bheith air, nó
(b) é a bheith deimhnithe ag duine ina cháil mar bhreitheamh nó oifigeach de chuid na cúirte sin gur cóip dhílis é de bhreithiúnas arna thabhairt ag an gcúirt sin.
(3) San Acht seo, mura n-éilíonn an comhthéacs a mhalairt—
(a) tagairtí do Choinbhinsiún 1968 nó do Phrótacal 1971 nó d'aon fhoráil iontusan, is tagairtí iad do Choinbhinsiún 1968, do Phrótacal 1971 nó don fhoráil, de réir mar a bheidh, arna leasú—
(i) le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978, agus
(ii) tar éis thosach feidhme alt 3 den Acht seo, a mhéid a bhaineann sé le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982, le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982,
(b) aon tagairt d'Airteagal uimhrithe is tagairt í, mura n-éilíonn an comhthéacs a mhalairt, don Airteagal, arna uimhriú amhlaidh, de Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus forléireofar dá réir sin aon tagairt d'fhoroinnt d'Airteagal uimhrithe.
(4) (a) Féadfaidh an tAire Gnóthaí Eachtracha a dhearbhú le hordú—
(i) gur Stát Conarthach aon stát a shonraítear san ordú, nó
(ii) go ndearnadh dearbhú (a mbeidh an téacs ann leagtha amach san ordú) a chur chuig Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach de bhun Airteagal 60 nó Airteagal IV, nó gur cuireadh scéala (a mbeidh an téacs ann leagtha amach san ordú) in iúl dó de bhun Airteagal VI.
(b) Ordú a bheidh i bhfeidhm faoin bhfo-alt seo is fianaise é—
(i) maidir le haon dearbhú faoi mhír (a) (i) san fho-alt sin, gur Stát Conarthach aon stát lena mbaineann an dearbhú, agus
(ii) maidir le haon dearbhú faoi mhír (a) (ii) san fho-alt sin, i dtaca leis an dearbhú de bhun Airteagal 60 nó Airteagal IV, nó, de réir mar a bheidh, leis an scéala de bhun Airteagal VI, lena mbaineann an dearbhú céadluaite, go ndearnadh an dearbhú nó gur cuireadh an scéala in iúl agus is fianaise é ar an ábhar ann.
(c) Féadfaidh an tAire Gnóthaí Eachtracha le hordú ordú faoin bhfo-alt seo lena n-áirítear ordú faoin mír seo a leasú nó a chúlghairm.
Feidhmiú an Achta.
2.—Beidh feidhm ag an Acht seo maidir le haon bhreithiúnas nó ordú (faoi cibé ainm a thabharfar air) ar breithiúnas é chun críocha Choinbhinsiún 1968.
Feidhm dlí le bheith ag Coinbhinsiúin.
3.—(1) Beidh feidhm dlí sa Stát ag na Coinbhinsiúin agus tabharfar aird bhreithiúnach orthu.
(2) Mar áis thagartha leagtar amach sa Chéad, sa Dara, sa Tríú agus sa Cheathrú Sceideal, faoi seach, a ghabhann leis an Acht seo:
(a) Coinbhinsiún 1968, arna leasú le Teidil II agus III de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 agus Teidil II agus III de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982,
(b) Prótacal 1971, arna leasú le Teideal IV de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 agus Teideal IV de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982,
(c) Teidil V agus VI de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978,
(d) Teidil V agus VI de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982,
ar téacsanna iad a ullmhaíodh ó na téacsanna fíordheimhnithe i mBéarla dá dtagraítear in Airteagail 37 agus 41 de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 agus in Airteagal 17 de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982.
Léiriú ar na Coinbhinsiúin.
4.—(1) Tabharfar aird bhreithiúnach—
(a) ar aon rialú nó breith nó ar aon léiriú tuairime de chuid na Cúirte Eorpaí ar aon cheist maidir le brí nó éifeacht aon fhorála de na Coinbhinsiúin, agus
(b) ar na tuarascálacha a shonraítear i bhfo-alt (2) den alt seo.
(2) Féadfaidh aon chúirt, nuair a bheidh sí ag léiriú aon fhorála de na Coinbhinsiúin breithniú a dhéanamh ar na tuarascálacha seo a leanas (is tuarascálacha atá atáirgthe in Iris Oifigiúil na gComhphobal Eorpach), eadhon—
(a) tuarascálacha an Uas. P. Jenard ar Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus ar Phrótacal 19711,
(b) tuarascáil an Ollaimh Peter Schlosser ar Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 19782, agus
(c) tuarascáil an Ollaimh Demetrios Evrigenis agus an Ollaimh K. D. Kerameus ar aontú na Poblachta Heilléanaí do Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus do Phrótacal 19713,
agus tabharfar dóibh cibé creidiúnacht is cuí sna himthosca.
Iarratais chun breithiúnais Chomhphobail a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú.
5.—Aon iarratas faoi Airteagal 31 chun breithiúnas a aithint nó a fhorghníomhú sa Stát déanfar é chuig Máistir na hArd-Chúirte agus cinnfidh seisean é le hordú (lena n-áirítear ordú nach ndéanfar ach páirt-aithint nó páirt-fhorghníomhú ar bhreithiúnas) de réir na gCoinbhinsiún.
Breithiúnais Chomhphobail a fhorghníomhú (seachas orduithe cothabhála).
6.—(1) Faoi réir alt 8 (4) den Acht seo agus an tsriain ar fhorghníomhú atá in Airteagal 39—
(a) beidh an fheidhm agus an éifeacht chéanna ag breithiúnas, seachas ordú cothabhála, a mbeidh ordú forghníomhaithe déanta ina leith, go feadh an méid a mbeidh forghníomhú an bhreithiúnais údaraithe leis an ordú forghníomhaithe, agus
(b) chun an breithiúnas a fhorghníomhú nó maidir lena fhorghníomhú, beidh ag an Ard-Chúirt na cumhachtaí céanna, agus féadfar imeachtaí a thionscnamh,
amhail is dá mba bhreithiúnas de chuid na hArd-Chúirte an breithiúnas.
(2) (a) Féadfaidh Máistir na hArd-Chúirte, ar iarratas chuige sin a bheith déanta chuige ag an gcreidiúnaí cothabhála, a dhearbhú le hordú go measfar, maidir le suimeanna a bhí iníoctha faoi ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe ach a bhí neamhíoctha roimh an dáta a ndearnadh an t-ordú forghníomhaithe iomchuí, go mbeidh siad iníoctha faoi bhreithiúnas dá dtagraítear i bhfo-alt (1) den alt seo.
(b) Ní dhéanfaidh Máistir na hArd-Chúirte dearbhú faoi mhír (a) den fho-alt seo mura measfaidh sé go ndéanfaí, de bharr é do dhéanamh amhlaidh, an t-ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe lena mbaineann a fhorghníomhú ar mhodh níos éifeachtúla maidir leis na suimeanna lena mbaineann.
(c) Aon uair a dhéanfaidh Máistir na hArd-Chúirte dearbhú faoi mhír (a) den fho-alt seo, measfar maidir leis na suimeanna lena mbaineann sé, go mbeidh siad, chun críocha an Achta seo, iníoctha faoi bhreithiúnas dá dtagraítear san fho-alt sin (1) agus ní ar shlí eile.
(3) San alt seo folaíonn “breithiúnas” ionstraim nó socraíocht dá dtagraítear i dTeideal IV de Choinbhinsiún 1968.
Orduithe cothabhála Comhphobail a fhorghníomhú.
7.—(1) San alt seo ciallaíonn “ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe”—
(a) ordú cothabhála a mbeidh ordú forghníomhaithe déanta maidir lena fhorghníomhú ina iomláine, nó
(b) i gcás gur le haghaidh ordú cothabhála a pháirt-fhorghníomhú amháin a bheidh ordú forghníomhaithe déanta, an t-ordú cothabhála go feadh an méid a mbeidh sé ordaithe amhlaidh é a fhorghníomhú.
(2) (a) Faoi réir alt 8 (4) den Acht seo agus an tsriain ar fhorghníomhú atá in Airteagal 39, beidh dlínse ag an gCúirt Dúiche ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe a fhorghníomhú agus—
(i) chun na críche sin,
(ii) chun críocha alt 98 (1) den Acht Cosanta, 1954, agus
(iii) faoi réir Choinbhinsiún 1968, chun ordú den sórt sin a athrú nó a chúlghairm faoi alt 5 d'Acht na Leanbhaí Tabhartha (Orduithe Athairíochta), 1930, nó alt 6 den Acht um an Dlí Teaghlaigh (Cothabháil Céilí agus Leanaí), 1976,
measfar, ón dáta a ndearnadh an t-ordú cothabhála, gur ordú a rinne an Chúirt Dúiche faoi alt 3 d'Acht na Leanbhaí Tabhartha (Orduithe Athairíochta), 1930, a dúradh nó faoi alt 5 den Acht um an Dlí Teaghlaigh (Cothabháil Céilí agus Leanaí), 1976, a dúradh, de réir mar is iomchuí, an t-ordú sin.
(b) Beidh éifeacht le mír (a) den fho-alt seo d'ainneoin go mbeidh aon mhéid is iníoctha faoin ordú lena mbaineann níos mó ná an t-uasmhéid a mbeidh dlínse ag an gCúirt Dúiche é a dhámhachtain faoin achtachán iomchuí a luaitear sa mhír sin.
(3) I gcás go ndéanfaidh cúirt i Stát Conarthach seachas an Stát ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe a athrú agus go mbeidh ordú forghníomhaithe déanta maidir leis an ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe ina iomláine, nó maidir le cuid de, arna athrú amhlaidh nó, maidir leis an ordú ina iomláine, nó maidir le cuid de, lena ndéantar an t-athrú, de réir mar a bheidh, ní bheidh an t-ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe, ón dáta a mbeidh éifeacht leis an athrú, infhorghníomhaithe sa Stát ach amháin de réir mar a bheidh sé arna athrú amhlaidh.
(4) I gcás go ndéanfaidh cúirt i Stát Conarthach seachas an Stát ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe a chúlghairm agus go mbeidh ordú forghníomhaithe déanta maidir leis an ordú lena ndéantar an chúlghairm, scoirfidh an t-ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe de bheith infhorghníomhaithe sa Stát ón dáta a mbeidh éifeacht leis an gcúlghairm ach amháin i ndáil le haon suimeanna faoin ordú a bhí iníoctha, ach nár íocadh, an dáta sin nó roimhe.
(5) I gcás ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe, measfar—
(a) maidir le haon suimeanna a bhí iníoctha faoin ordú, ach nár íocadh, roimh an dáta a ndearnadh an t-ordú forghníomhaithe iomchuí, agus
(b) maidir le haon chostais a bhaineann nó a ghabhann leis an iarratas ar an ordú forghníomhaithe sin is iníoctha de bhua alt 8 (2) den Acht seo,
go mbeidh siad, faoi réir alt 6 (2) den Acht seo, iníoctha de bhua ordú a rinneadh faoi alt 3 d'Acht na Leanbhaí Tabhartha (Orduithe Athairíochta), 1930, nó faoi alt 5 den Acht um an Dlí Teaghlaigh (Cothabháil Céilí agus Leanaí), 1976, de réir mar is iomchuí.
(6) An dlínse a dhílsítear sa Chúirt Dúiche leis an alt seo feidhmeofar é ag an mbreitheamh den Chúirt Dúiche a bheidh de thuras na huaire sannta don dúiche chúirte dúiche ina bhfuil an féichiúnaí cothabhála faoin ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe lena mbaineann ina chónaí.
(7) (a) Íocfaidh an féichiúnaí cothabhála i gceist aon suim is iníoctha de bhua ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe, d'ainneoin aon ní dá mhalairt san ordú sin, leis an gcléireach cúirte don cheantar cúirte dúiche ina bhfuil cónaí de thuras na huaire ar an bhféichiúnaí cothabhála lena tarchur chuig an gcreidiúnaí cothabhála nó, i gcás go n-údaróidh an creidiúnaí cothabhála d'údarás poiblí suim den sórt sin a ghlacadh, chuig an údarás sin.
(b) Más rud é nach n-íocfar go cuí aon suim is iníoctha de bhua ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe agus má iarrann an féichiúnaí cothabhála lena mbaineann i scríbhinn go ndéanfaí amhlaidh, déanfaidh an cléireach cúirte dúiche lena mbaineann iarratas faoi alt 10 (a bhaineann le tuillimh áirithe a astú) den Acht um an Dlí Teaghlaigh (Cothabháil Céilí agus Leanaí), 1976, nó faoi alt 8 (a bhaineann le horduithe cothabhála áirithe a fhorghníomhú) den Acht um Fheidhmiú Orduithe Cúirte, 1940, maidir leis an tsuim agus, chun na críche sin, forléireofar na tagairtí san alt sin 8 (seachas fo-ailt (4) agus (5)) don iarratasóir mar thagairtí don chléireach cúirte dúiche.
(c) Ní dhéanfaidh aon ní san fho-alt seo difear don cheart atá ag creidiúnaí cothabhála imeachtaí a thionscnamh chun aon suim is iníoctha le cléireach cúirte dúiche faoi mhír (a) den fho-alt seo a ghnóthú.
(8) Ní bheidh feidhm ag alt 8 (7) den Acht um Fheidhmiú Orduithe Cúirte, 1940, maidir le himeachtaí chun ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe a fhorghníomhú.
(9) Déanfaidh féichiúnaí cothabhála faoi ordú cothabhála infhorghníomhaithe fógra a thabhairt don chléireach cúirte dúiche don cheantar cúirte dúiche ina gcónaíonn sé i dtaobh athrú ar bith ar a sheoladh agus má mhainníonn sé gan cúis réasúnach sin a dhéanamh beidh sé ciontach i gcion agus ar é a chiontú go hachomair dlífear fíneáil nach mó ná £500 a chur air.
(10) San alt seo déanfar, i gcás dhá chléireach cúirte dúiche nó níos mó a bheith ann don cheantar cúirte dúiche lena mbaineann, tagairt do chléireach cúirte dúiche a fhorléiriú mar thagairt d'aon duine de na cléirigh sin.
(11) Chun críocha an ailt seo measfar gur ceantar cúirte dúiche Dúiche Phríomh-Chathrach Bhaile Átha Cliath.
Forálacha in orduithe forghníomhaithe chun ús a íoc ar bhreithiúnais agus chun costais a íoc.
8.—(1) Más rud é go dtaispeánfar, ar iarratas ar ordú forghníomhaithe—
(a) go ndéanann an breithiúnas iomchuí foráil chun suim airgid a íoc, agus
(b) de réir dhlí an Stáit Chonarthaigh inar tugadh an breithiúnas, go mbeidh ús ar an tsuim sin inghnóthaithe faoin mbreithiúnas de réir ráta nó rátaí áirithe agus ó dháta nó ó am áirithe,
forálfaidh an t-ordú, má dhéantar é, go ndlífidh an duine ag a mbeidh an tsuim a dúradh iníoctha, an t-ús a dúradh a íoc freisin ar leith ó aon ús ar chostais is inghnóthaithe de bhua fho-alt (2) den alt seo, de réir na sonraí a bheidh nótáilte san ordú, agus beidh méid an úis inghnóthaithe ag an iarratasóir lena mbaineann amhail is dá mba chuid é den tsuim a dúradh.
(2) Féadfaidh ordú forghníomhaithe, de rogha na cúirte lena mbaineann nó Mháistir na hArd-Chúirte, de réir mar is iomchuí, a fhoráil go n-íocfaidh an freagróir lena mbaineann leis an iarratasóir lena mbaineann na costais réasúnacha a bhaineann nó a ghabhann leis an iarratas ar an ordú.
(3) Aon duine a mbeidh costais is inghnóthaithe de bhua fho-alt (2) den alt seo iníoctha aige dlífidh sé ús a íoc ar na costais amhail is dá mba ábhar ordaithe chun costais a íoc iad a rinne an Ard-Chúirt ar an dáta a rinneadh an t-ordú forghníomhaithe iomchuí.
(4) Ní bheidh ús iníoctha ar shuim dá dtagraítear i bhfo-alt (1) den alt seo ach amháin de réir mar a fhoráiltear leis an alt seo.
Airgeadra na n-íocaíochtaí faoi orduithe cothabhála Comhphobail.
9.—(1) Aon mhéid is iníoctha sa Stát faoi ordú cothabhála de bhua ordú forghníomhaithe íocfar é in airgeadra an Stáit agus, má luaitear an méid san ordú cothabhála in airgeadra seachas airgeadra an Stáit, déanfar an íocaíocht ar bhonn an ráta malairte a bheidh, ar an dáta a ndéanfar an t-ordú forghníomhaithe, i réim idir an t-airgeadra sin agus airgeadra an Stáit.
(2) Maidir le deimhniú a airbheartóidh a bheith sínithe ag oifigeach do bhanc sa Stát agus a airbheartóidh an ráta malairte a bheidh i réim ar dháta sonraithe idir airgeadra sonraithe agus airgeadra an Stáit a lua, beidh an deimhniú sin, chun críocha an ailt seo, inghlactha mar fhianaise ar na fíorais a bheidh luaite sa deimhniú.
(3) San alt seo ciallaíonn “banc” an sealbhóir ar cheadúnas baincéara de réir bhrí Acht an Bhainc Ceannais, 1971.
Cruthúnas agus inghlacthacht maidir le breithiúnais áirithe agus le haistriúcháin agus le doiciméid ghaolmhara.
10.—(1) Chun críocha na gCoinbhinsiún—
(a) maidir le doiciméad, arna fhíordheimhniú go cuí, a airbheartóidh gur cóip é de bhreithiúnas arna thabhairt ag cúirt Stáit Chonarthaigh seachas an Stát, measfar gan a thuilleadh cruthúnais gur cóip dhílis den bhreithiúnas é, mura dtaispeánfar a mhalairt; agus
(b) beidh an doiciméad bunaidh nó cóip d'aon doiciméad den sórt a luaitear in Airteagal 46.2 nó 47 inghlactha mar fhianaise ar aon ábhar lena mbaineann sé.
(2) Maidir le doiciméad—
(a) a airbheartóidh gur aistriúchán é ar bhreithiúnas a thug cúirt Stáit Chonarthaigh seachas an Stát nó ar dhoiciméad a luaitear in Airteagal 46.2, 47 nó 50 nó ina mbeidh socraíocht dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 51, agus
(b) a bheidh deimhnithe a bheith cruinn ag duine a bheidh inniúil chun déanamh amhlaidh,
beidh sé inghlactha mar fhianaise ar an aistriúchán.
Bearta sealadacha, lena n-áirítear bearta cosantacha.
11.—(1) Más rud é—
(a) go mbeidh tús curtha le himeachtaí, nó go mbeidh tús le cur leo, i Stát Conarthach seachas an Stát, agus
(b) gur imeachtaí iad nó go mbeidh siad ina n-imeachtaí a mbeidh a n-ábhar faoi chuimsiú Choinbhinsiún 1968 arna chinneadh le hAirteagal 1 (cibé acu a bheidh nó nach mbeidh éifeacht le Coinbhinsiún 1968 i ndáil leis na himeachtaí),
féadfaidh an Ard-Chúirt, ar iarratas chuici de bhun Airteagal 24, bearta sealadacha, lena n-áirítear bearta cosantacha, d'aon chineál a dheonú a mbeidh cumhacht ag an gCúirt iad a dheonú in imeachtaí atá, ar leith ón Acht seo, faoina dlínse.
(2) Ar iarratas faoi fho-alt (1) den alt seo, féadfaidh an Ard-Chúirt diúltú na bearta a lorgaíodh a dheonú i gcás, i dtuairim na Cúirte sin, go mbeadh sé neamhfhóirsteanach don Chúirt sin na bearta sin a dheonú de bharr nach bhfuil dlínse ag an gCúirt sin, ar leith ón alt seo, i ndáil le hábhar na n-imeachtaí i gceist.
(3) Faoi réir Airteagal 39, féadfaidh iarratas ar cibé bearta cosantacha a dheonú a mbeidh cumhacht ag an Ard-Chúirt iad a dheonú in imeachtaí atá, ar leith ón Acht seo, faoina dlínse a bheith ar áireamh in iarratas chun Máistir na hArd-Chúirte ar bhreithiúnas a fhorghníomhú agus in iarratas chun na hArd-Chúirte ar ionstraim nó socraíocht dá dtagraítear i dTeideal IV de Choinbhinsiún 1968, a fhorghníomhú agus, i gcás go ndéanfar ordú forghníomhaithe i ndáil le breithiúnas nó le hionstraim nó socraíocht den sórt sin, beidh foráil ar áireamh san ordú lena ndeonófar aon bhearta cosantacha den sórt sin mar a dúradh ar a ndéanfar iarratas mar a dúradh.
Cúirteanna sa Stát do sholáthar doiciméad áirithe do pháirtithe leasmhara.
12.—Maidir le breithiúnas a thabharfaidh cúirt sa Stát, tabharfaidh cláraitheoir nó cléireach na cúirte, ar iarraidh ó pháirtí leasmhar agus faoi réir aon choinníollacha a fhéadfar a shonrú le rialacha cúirte, don pháirtí leasmhar—
(a) cóip den bhreithiúnas arna fhíordheimhniú go cuí,
(b) deimhniú a bheidh sínithe ag cláraitheoir nó cléireach na cúirte ina sonrófar—
(i) cineál na n-imeachtaí,
(ii) na forais, de bhun Choinbhinsiún 1968, ar ghabh an Chúirt dlínse uirthi féin,
(iii) an dáta a rachaidh an t-am in éag chun achomharc a thaisceadh in aghaidh an bhreithiúnais nó, más rud é go mbeidh sé dulta in éag, an dáta a ndeachaigh sé in éag,
(iv) cibé acu a taifeadadh nó nár taifeadadh fógra achomhairc in aghaidh an bhreithiúnais, nó in aon chás nár láithrigh an cosantóir, cibé a taifeadadh nó nár taifeadadh fógra chun an breithiúnas a chur ar ceal,
(v) i gcás gur chun suim airgid a íoc an breithiúnas, an ráta úis, más ann, is iníoctha ar an tsuim agus an dáta óna mbeidh ús iníoctha, agus
(vi) cibé sonraí eile (más ann) a bheidh sonraithe le rialacha cúirte,
agus
(c) i gcás gur d'éagmais láithrithe a tugadh an breithiúnas, an doiciméad bunaidh nó cóip, a bheidh deimhnithe mar chóip dhílis ag cláraitheoir nó cléireach na cúirte, de dhoiciméad a chruthaíonn gur seirbheáladh fógra faoi thionscnamh imeachtaí ar an duine mainneachtnach.
Sainchónaí chun críocha Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus an Achta.
13.—(1) Faoi réir Airteagal 52, beidh feidhm ag Cuid I den Chúigiú Sceideal a ghabhann leis an Acht seo i ndáil le téacs Béarla Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus beidh feidhm ag Cuid II den Chúigiú Sceideal sin i ndáil le téacs Gaeilge Choinbhinsiún 1968, d'fhonn a chinneadh chun críocha Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus an Achta seo an bhfuil sainchónaí ar dhuine sa Stát, in áit sa Stát nó i stát seachas Stát Conarthach.
(2) Measfar gurb é suíomh corparáide nó comhlachais sainchónaí na corparáide nó an chomhlachais sin agus beidh feidhm ag Cuid III den Chúigiú Sceideal sin i ndáil le téacs Béarla Choinbhinsiún 1968, agus beidh feidhm ag Cuid IV den Chúigiú Sceideal sin i ndáil le téacs Gaeilge Choinbhinsiún 1968, d'fhonn a chinneadh chun críocha Airteagal 53 de Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus an Achta seo, an sa Stát, in áit sa Stát nó i stát seachas an Stát, atá a suíomh ag corparáid nó comhlachas.
(3) Beidh feidhm ag Cuid V den Chúigiú Sceideal sin i ndáil le téacs Béarla Choinbhinsiún 1968, agus beidh feidhm ag Cuid VI den Chúigiú Sceideal sin i ndáil le téacs Gaeilge Choinbhinsiún 1968, d'fhonn a chinneadh chun críocha Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus an Achta seo an sa Stát atá sainchónaí ar iontaobhas.
(4) San alt seo—
ciallaíonn “comhlachas” comhlacht neamhchorpraithe daoine;
ciallaíonn “corparáid” comhlacht corpraithe.
An láthair le haghaidh imeachtaí áirithe a thionscnófar sa Chúirt Chuarda nó sa Chúirt Dúiche de bhua an Achta seo.
14.—(1) Faoi réir Theideal II den Choinbhinsiún, maidir le dlínse na Cúirte Cuarda i dtaca le himeachtaí a fhéadfar a thionscnamh sa Stát de bhua Airteagal 2, 8.1, 11 nó 14, beidh sí, i gcás go gcinnfí, ar leith ón bhfo-alt seo, an dlínse sin faoi threoir na háite ina bhfuil cónaí ar an gcosantóir nó ar dhuine de na cosantóirí nó ina seolann sé gnó, á feidhmiú ag breitheamh den Chúirt Chuarda a bheidh de thuras na huaire sannta don chuaird ina bhfuil gnáthchónaí ar an gcosantóir nó ar dhuine de na cosantóirí nó ina seolann sé aon ghairm, gnó nó slí bheatha.
(2) Féadfar dlínse na Cúirte Cuarda agus na Cúirte Dúiche maidir le himeachtaí a fhéadfar a thionscnamh sa Stát de bhua Airteagal 14 ag gearánaí a mbeidh sainchónaí air sa Stát, a fheidhmiú mar a leanas:
(i) i gcás na Cúirte Cuarda, ag an mbreitheamh den Chúirt Chuarda a bheidh sannta de thuras na huaire don chuaird ina bhfuil gnáthchónaí ar an ngearánaí nó ar dhuine de na gearánaithe nó ina seolann sé aon ghairm, gnó nó slí bheatha, nó
(ii) i gcás na Cúirte Dúiche, ag an mbreitheamh den Chúirt Dúiche a bheidh sannta de thuras na huaire don dúiche chúirte dúiche ina bhfuil gnáthchónaí ar an ngearánaí nó ar dhuine de na gearánaithe nó ina seolann sé aon ghairm, gnó nó slí bheatha.
Gearrtheideal, forléiriú agus tosach feidhme.
15.—(1) Féadfar an tAcht um Dhlínse Cúirteanna agus Forghníomhú Breithiúnas (Na Comhphobail Eorpacha), 1988, a ghairm den Acht seo.
(2) Forléireofar mar aon ní amháin Achtanna na gCúirteanna (Forálacha Forlíontacha), 1961 go 1986, agus ailt 5 go 8, agus 11, 12 agus 14 den Acht seo.
(3) (a) Tiocfaidh an tAcht seo, seachas alt 3 a mhéid a bhaineann sé le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982, i ngníomh ar cibé lá nó laethanta a shocróidh an tAire le hordú nó le horduithe go ginearálta nó faoi threoir aon chríche nó forála áirithe, agus féadfar laethanta éagsúla a shocrú amhlaidh chun críocha éagsúla agus forálacha éagsúla.
(b) Tiocfaidh alt 3 den Acht seo, a mhéid a bhaineann sé le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982, i ngníomh ar cibé lá nó laethanta a shocróidh an tAire le hordú nó le horduithe go ginearálta nó faoi threoir aon chríche nó forála áirithe, agus féadfar laethanta éagsúla a shocrú amhlaidh chun críocha éagsúla agus forálacha éagsúla agus aon lá a shocrófar amhlaidh féadfaidh sé gurb é an lá céanna é agus lá a shocrófar faoi mhír (a) den fho-alt seo nó gur lá éagsúil é.
1 IO Uimh. C59 an 5.3.1979, Ich.1
AN CHÉAD SCEIDEAL
Téacs Choinbhinsiún 1968 arna leasú le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 agus le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982
COINBHINSIÚN
ar dhlínse agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála
BROLLACH
TÁ NA hARDPHÁIRTITHE CONARTHACHA SA CHON-RADH AG BUNÚ CHOMHPHOBAL EACNAMAÍOCHTA NA hEORPA,
Ós mian leo go gcuirfear i ngníomh na forálacha in Airteagal 220 den Chonradh sin ar ghabh siad orthu féin dá mbua a áirithint go simpleofaí na foirmiúlachtaí a bhaineann le breithiúnais ó chúirteanna nó ó bhinsí a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú go cómhalartach;
Ós é a miangas go neartófar sa Chomhphobal an chosaint dhlíthiúil ar dhaoine atá bunaithe ann;
De bhrí gur gá chun na críche sin dlínse idirnáisiúnta a gcúirteanna a chinneadh, aithint a éascú agus nós imeachta gasta a thabhairt isteach chun a áirithint go bhforghníomhófar breithiúnais, ionstraimí barántúla agus socraíochtaí cúirte;
Tar éis cinneadh ar an gCoinbhinsiún seo a chur i gcrích agus chuige sin tar éis na daoine seo a leanas a cheapadh mar Lánchumhachtaigh:
(Ainmniúcháin Lánchumhachtaigh na sé Stát Chonarthacha bunaidh)
NOCH A RINNE, i dtionól na Comhairle, tar éis dóibh a Lánchumhachtaí, agus iad i bhfoirm cheart chuí, a thabhairt ar aird dá chéile,
TAR ÉIS COMHAONTÚ MAR A LEANAS:
TEIDEAL I
RAON FEIDHME
Airteagal 1
Beidh feidhm leis an gCoinbhinsiún seo in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, cibé cineál cúirte nó binse a bheidh i gceist. Eisiatar óna réim, go háirithe, cúrsaí ioncaim, custam agus riaracháin.
Eisiatar ó fheidhm an Choinbhinsiúin:
1. stádas nó inniúlacht dhlíthiúil daoine nádúrtha, maoin-chearta de bhua cóngais phósta, uachtanna agus comharbais;
2. féimheacht, imeachtaí maidir le foirceannadh cuideachtaí dócmhainneacha nó daoine dlítheanacha eile atá dócmhainneach, comhshocraíochtaí breithiúnacha, imshocraíochtaí agus imeachtaí cosúil leo sin;
3. slándáil shóisialta;
4. eadráin.
TEIDEAL II
DLÍNSE
ROINN I
Forálacha ginearálta
Airteagal 2
Faoi réir fhorálacha an Choinbhinsiúin seo, beidh daoine a bhfuil sainchónaí orthu i Stát Conarthach inagartha, cibé náisiúntacht atá acu, i gcúirteanna an Stáit sin.
Daoine nach náisiúnaigh den Stát ina bhfuil sainchónaí orthu, beidh siad faoi rialú ag na rialacha dlínse a bhaineann le náisiúnaigh an Stáit sin.
Airteagal 3
Daoine a bhfuil sainchónaí orthu i Stát Conarthach, ní féidir iad a agairt i gcúirteanna Stáit Chonarthaigh eile ach amháin de bhua na rialacha atá leagtha síos i Ranna 2 go 6 den Teideal seo.
Go háirithe ní bheidh na forálacha seo a leanas infheidhme ina gcoinne:
—sa Bheilg: Airteagal 15 den chód sibhialta (Code civil—Burgerlijk Wetboek) agus Airteagal 638 den chód breithiúnach (Code judiciaire—Gerechtelijk Wetboek);
—sa Danmhairg: Airteagal 248 (2) den dlí ar nós imeachta sibhialta (Lov om rettens pleje) agus Caibidil 3, Airteagal 3, den Acht um an nós imeachta sibhialta don Ghraonlainn (Lov for Grønland om rettens pleje);
—i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine: Airteagal 23 de chód an nós imeachta shibhialta (Zivilprozeβordnung);
—sa Ghréig: Airteagal 40 de chód an nós imeachta shibhialta (Κώδικας Πολιτικής Δικονομίας)
—sa Fhrainc: Airteagail 14 agus 15 den chód sibhialta (Code civil);
—in Éirinn: na rialacha á chumasú dlínse a bhunú ar dhoiciméad tionscanta na n-imeachtaí a bheith arna sheirbheáil ar an gcosantóir le linn dó bheith in Éirinn go sealadach;
—san Iodáil: Airteagal 2 agus Airteagal 4, Uimh. 1 agus 2, de chód an nós imeachta shibhialta (Codice di procedura civile);
—i Lucsamburg: Airteagail 14 agus 15 den chód sibhialta (Code civil);
—san Ísiltír: Airteagal 126 (3) agus Airteagal 127 de chod an nós imeachta shibhialta (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering);
—sa Ríocht Aontaithe: na rialacha á chumasú dlínse a bhunú:
(a) ar dhoiciméad tionscanta na n-imeachtaí a bheith arna sheirbheáil ar an gcosantóir le linn dó bheith sa Ríocht Aontaithe go sealadach; nó
(b) ar mhaoin leis an gcosantóir a bheith sa Ríocht Aontaithe; nó
(c) ar urghabháil ag an ngearánaí ar mhaoin sa Ríocht Aontaithe.
Airteagal 4
Mura bhfuil sainchónaí i Stát Conarthach ar an gcosantóir, rialófar dlínse na gcúirteanna i ngach Stát Conarthach de réir dhlí an Stáit sin, faoi réir fhorálacha Airteagal 16.
Aon duine a bhfuil sainchónaí air i Stát Conarthach, cibé náisiúntacht atá aige, féadfaidh sé, ar nós náisiúnaigh an Stáit sin, leas a bhaint sa Stát sin, i gcoinne an chosantóra sin, as na rialacha dlínse atá i bhfeidhm ann agus go háirithe as na cinn a fhoráiltear sa dara mír d'Airteagal 3.
ROINN 2
Dlínse speisialta
Airteagal 5
Duine a bhfuil sainchónaí air i Stát Conarthach, féadfar é a agairt, i Stát Conarthach eile:
1. in ábhair a bhaineann le conradh, sna cúirteanna don áit i gcomhair chomhlíonadh na hoibleagáide áirithe;
2. in ábhair a bhaineann le cothabháil, sna cúirteanna don áit ina bhfuil sainchónaí nó gnáthchónaí ar an gcreidiúnaí cothabhála nó, más ábhar é atá coimhdeach le himeachtaí i dtaobh stádais duine, sa chúirt ag a bhfuil, de réir a dlí féin, dlínse chun na himeachtaí sin a thriail, mura rud é nach bhfuil de bhonn faoin dlínse sin ach náisiúntacht cheann de na páirtithe;
3. in ábhair a bhaineann le tort, míghníomh nó samhail mhíghnímh, sna cúirteanna don áit inar tharla an teagmhas díobhálach;
4. i gcás éileamh sibhialta chun damáistí nó aisíocaíocht a ghnóthú mar gheall ar shárú ba shiocair le himeachtaí coiriúla, sa chúirt ar tugadh na himeachtaí sin faoina bráid, sa mhéid go bhfuil dlínse ag an gcúirt sin faoina dlí féin glacadh le himeachtaí sibhialta;
5. i gcás díospóide a éiríonn as oibríochtaí brainse nó gníomhaireachta nó bunaíochta eile, sna cúirteanna don áit ina bhfuil an brainse, an ghníomhaireacht nó an bhunaíocht eile;
6. ina cháil mar shocraitheoir, iontaobhaí nó tairbhí i leith iontaobhais a bunaíodh de bhun reachta nó le hionstraim i scríbhinn nó a bunaíodh de bhriathra béil agus a fianaíodh i scríbhinn, i gcúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh a bhfuil sainchónaí an iontaobhais ann;
7. i gcás díospóide maidir le híoc luach saothair a éilíodh as last nó lucht a tharrtháil, sa chúirt ar faoina húdarás
(a) a gabhadh an last nó an lucht áirithe chun an íocaíocht sin a urrú, nó
(b) a bhféadfaí é a ghabháil amhlaidh, ach gur tugadh bannaí nó urrús eile;
ar an gcoinníoll nach mbeidh feidhm leis an bhforáil seo ach amháin nuair a éilítear go bhfuil leas ag an gcosantóir sa last nó sa lucht nó go raibh leas den sórt sin aige tráth na tarrthála.
Airteagal 6
Féadfar duine a bhfuil sainchónaí air i Stát Conarthach a agairt freisin:
1. más duine de líon cosantóirí é, sna cúirteanna don áit a bhfuil sainchónaí ar dhuine ar bith díobh;
2. mar thríú páirtí i gcaingean ar bharántas nó ráthaíocht nó in aon imeachtaí eile tríú páirtí, sa chúirt inar tionscnaíodh na himeachtaí bunaidh, mura rud é gur tionscnaíodh iad sin d'aontoisc chun é a thabhairt amach as dlínse na cúirte ab iomchuí ina chás;
3. i gcás frithéilimh a thig den chonradh céanna nó de na fíorais chéanna ab fhoras don éileamh bunaidh, sa chúirt ina bhfuil an t-éileamh bunaidh ar feitheamh.
Airteagal 6a
Más rud é de bhua an Choinbhinsiúin seo go bhfuil dlínse ag cúirt Stáit Chonarthaigh i gcaingne maidir le dliteanas a thig as úsáid nó oibriú loinge, beidh dlínse freisin ag an gcúirt sin, nó ag aon chúirt eile a bheidh curtha ina hionad chun na críche sin le dlí intíre an Stáit sin, i gcás éilimh chun an dliteanas sin a theorannú.
ROINN 3
Dlínse in ábhair a bhaineann le hárachas
Airteagal 7
In ábhair a bhaineann le hárachas, cinnfear dlínse de réir na Roinne seo, gan dochar d'fhorálacha Airteagail 4 agus 5.5.
Airteagal 8
Féadfar árachóir ar a bhfuil sainchónaí i Stát Conarthach a agairt:
1. i gcúirteanna an Stáit ina bhfuil sainchónaí air, nó
2. i Stát Conarthach eile, sna cúirteanna don áit ina bhfuil sainchónaí ar shealbhóir an pholasaí árachais, nó
3. más comhárachóir é, i gcúirteanna Stáit Chonarthaigh ina dtionscnaítear imeachtaí i gcoinne an phríomhárachóra.
Árachóir nach bhfuil sainchónaí air i Stát Conarthach ach a bhfuil brainse nó gníomhaireacht nó bunaíocht eile aige i gceann de na Stáit Chonarthacha, measfar, i gcás díospóidí a thiocfaidh ar barr de dhroim oibríochtaí an bhrainse nó na gníomhaireachta nó na bunaíochta, sainchónaí a bheith air sa Stát sin.
Airteagal 9
Féadfar fairis sin an t-árachóir a agairt sna cúirteanna don áit inar tharla an teagmhas díobhálach más é a bhíonn i gceist árachas i leith dliteanais nó árachas ar mhaoin dhochorraithe. Is é an dála chéanna é má chumhdaítear maoin shochorraithe agus maoin dhochorraithe leis an bpolasaí céanna árachais agus go dtéann an teagmhas céanna chun dochair dóibh araon.
Airteagal 10
I gcás árachais i leith dliteanais, féadfar mar an gcéanna, má cheadaíonn dlí na cúirte é, an t-árachóir a uamadh in imeachtaí a thionscain an duine díobhálaithe i gcoinne an árachaí.
Beidh feidhm le forálacha Airteagail 7, 8 agus 9 i gcás caingne a thionscain an duine díobhálaithe go díreach i gcoinne an árachóra, má cheadaítear na caingne díreacha sin.
Má fhorálann an dlí maidir leis na caingne díreacha sin go bhféadfar sealbhóir an pholasaí nó an t-árachaí a uamadh mar pháirtí sa chaingean, beidh dlínse ag an gcúirt chéanna ina leith.
Airteagal 11
Gan dochar d'fhorálacha an tríú mír d'Airteagal 10, ní féidir leis an árachóir imeachtaí a thionscnamh ach amháin i gcúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil sainchónaí ar an gcosantóir, cibé acu sealbhóir an pholasaí, nó an t-árachaí nó tairbhí é.
Ní dhéanfaidh forálacha na Roinne seo difear don cheart chun frithéileamh a thabhairt sa chúirt ina bhfuil an t-éileamh bunaidh ar feitheamh, de réir na Roinne seo.
Airteagal 12
Ní féidir imeacht ó fhorálacha na Roinne seo ach amháin trí chomhaontú i dtaobh dlínse:
1. a dhéanfar tar éis an díospóid a theacht ar barr, nó
2. a cheadóidh do shealbhóir an pholasaí, don árachaí nó do thairbhí imeachtaí a thionscnamh i gcúirteanna seachas na cinn a luaitear sa Roinn seo, nó
3. a chuirfear i gcrích idir sealbhóir polasaí agus árachóir, a bhfuil sainchónaí nó gnáthchónaí orthu araon sa Stát Conarthach céanna tráth an chonartha a thabhairt chun críche agus arb é is éifeacht dó dlínse a thabhairt do chúirteanna an Stáit sin fiú i gcás an teagmhas díobhálach a tharlú ar an gcoigrich, ar an gcoinníoll nach bhfuil an comhaontú sin contrártha do dhlí an Stáit sin, nó
4. a dhéanfar le sealbhóir polasaí nach bhfuil sainchónaí air i Stát Conarthach, ach amháin sa mhéid gurb árachas éigeantach atá ann nó árachas a bhaineann le maoin dhochorraithe i Stát Conarthach, nó
5. a bhainfidh le conradh árachais sa mhéid go gcumhdaíonn sé fiontar nó fiontair dá luaitear in Airteagal 12a.
Airteagal 12a
Is iad seo a leanas na fiontair dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 12.5:
1. Aon chailleadh nó damáiste a bhainfidh
(a) do longa farraige, do chóracha amach ón gcladach nó ar muir, nó d'aerárthaí, de dhroim guaiseanna a bhaineann lena n-úsáid chun críocha tráchtála,
(b) d'earraí faoi bhealach, seachas bagáiste paisinéirí, agus iad á n-iompar go bun a mbealaigh nó ar chuid dá mbealach ag na longa nó na haerárthaí sin;
2. Aon dliteanas, seachas dliteanas i leith díobhála coirp do phaisinéirí nó i leith cailleadh nó damáiste a bhaint dá mbagáiste,
(a) a thig as úsáid nó oibriú long, córacha nó aerárthaí mar a luaitear in 1.(a) thuas sa mhéid nach gcuireann dlí an Stáit Chonarthaigh a bhfuil na haerárthaí sin cláraithe ann toirmeasc le comhaontuithe ar dhlínse maidir le hárachú na bhfiontar sin,
(b) i leith cailleadh nó damáiste a tharlóidh trí bhíthin earraí faoi bhealach mar a luaitear in 1.(b) thuas;
3. Aon chailleadh airgid i ndáil le húsáid nó oibriú long, córacha nó aerárthaí mar a luaitear in 1.(a) thuas, go háirithe cailleadh last-táillí nó íocaíochta as cairtfhostú;
4. Aon fhiontar nó leas a ghabhann leo sin a luaitear in 1. go 3. thuas.
ROINN 4
Dlínse ar chonarthaí tomhaltais
Airteagal 13
In imeachtaí maidir le conradh a chuir duine i gcrích chun críche a fhéadfar a mheas a bheith lasmuigh dá thrádáil nó dá ghairm, dá ngairtear an “tomhaltóir” anseo feasta, cinnfear dlínse leis an Roinn seo, gan dochar d'fhorálacha Airteagail 4 agus 5.5, más éard é:
1. conradh chun earraí a dhíol ar théarmaí creidmheasa tráthchoda, nó
2. conradh le haghaidh iasacht is iníoctha i dtráthchodanna, nó le haghaidh aon fhoirm eile chreidmheasa, arna dhéanamh chun díolachán earraí a mhaoiniú, nó
3. aon chonradh eile chun earraí a sholáthar nó conradh chun seirbhísí a sholáthar, agus
(a) go ndearnadh, i Stát sainchónaí an tomhaltóra, cuireadh sonrach a dhíriú chuige nó fógraíocht sular tugadh an conradh i gcrích, agus
(b) go ndearna an tomhaltóir sa Stát sin na bearta ba ghá chun an conradh a thabhairt i gcrích.
I gcás tomhaltóir do dhul i gconradh le páirtí nach bhfuil sainchónaí air i Stát Conarthach ach go bhfuil brainse nó gníomhaireacht nó bunaíocht eile aige i gceann de na Stáit Chonarthacha, measfar sainchónaí a bheith ar an bpáirtí sin sa Stát sin i gcás díospóidí a thiocfaidh ar barr as oibríochtaí an bhrainse nó na gníomhaireachta nó na bunaíochta.
Ní bhainfidh an Roinn seo le conarthaí iompair.
Airteagal 14
Féadfaidh tomhaltóir imeachtaí a thabhairt in aghaidh an pháirtí eile i gconradh i gcúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil sainchónaí ar an bpáirtí sin nó i gcúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil sainchónaí air féin.
Ní féidir le páirtí eile sa chonradh imeachtaí a thabhairt i gcoinne tomhaltóra ach amháin i gcúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil sainchónaí ar an tomhaltóir.
Ní dhéanfaidh na forálacha seo difear don cheart chun frithéileamh a thabhairt sa chúirt ina bhfuil an t-éileamh bunaidh ar feitheamh, de réir na Roinne seo.
Airteagal 15
Ní féidir imeacht ó fhorálacha na Roinne seo ach amháin trí chomhaontú:
1. a dhéanfar tar éis díospóid a theacht ar barr, nó
2. a cheadóidh don tomhaltóir imeachtaí a thionscnamh i gcúirteanna seachas na cinn a luaitear sa Roinn seo, nó
3. a dhéanfaidh an tomhaltóir agus an páirtí eile sa chonradh, agus sainchónaí nó gnáthchónaí orthu araon sa Stát Conarthach céanna tráth an chonartha a thabhairt chun críche, agus a thabharfaidh dlínse do chúirteanna an Stáit sin, ar an gcoinníoll nach bhfuil an comhaontú sin contrártha do dhlí an Stáit sin.
ROINN 5
Dlínse eisiatach
Airteagal 16
Beidh dlínse eisiatach ag na cúirteanna seo a leanas, ar neamhchead do shainchónaí:
1. in imeachtaí arb é is cuspóir dóibh cearta in rem, nó tionóntachtaí, ar mhaoin dhochorraithe, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil an mhaoin;
2. in imeachtaí arb é is cuspóir dóibh bailíocht chomhdhéanamh, neamhniú nó díscaoileadh cuideachtaí nó daoine dlítheanacha eile nó comhlachas de dhaoine nádúrtha nó dlítheanacha, nó cinntí a thug orgáin dá gcuid, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil suíomh na cuideachta, an duine dhlítheanaigh nó an chomhlachais;
3. in imeachtaí arb é is cuspóir dóibh bailíocht taifead i gcláir phoiblí, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina bhfuil an clár á choimeád;
4. in imeachtaí a bhaineann le clárú nó le bailíocht paitinní, trádmharcanna, dearthaí, nó le cearta eile dá leithéid sin is gá a thaisceadh nó a chlárú, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh inar iarradh an taisceadh nó an clárú, nó arb ann a rinneadh nó a mheastar faoi théarmaí coinbhinsiúin idirnáisiúnta go ndearnadh é;
5. in imeachtaí a bhaineann le breithiúnais a fhorghníomhú, cúirteanna an Stáit Chonarthaigh ina ndearnadh, nó ina ndéanfar, an breithiúnas a fhorghníomhú.
ROINN 6
Dlínse a iarchur
Airteagal 17
Más rud é go ndearna na páirtithe, a bhfuil sainchónaí ar pháirtí nó páirtithe díobh i Stát Conarthach, comhaontú chun dlínse a bheith ag cúirt nó cúirteanna de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh aon díospóidí a réiteach a tharla nó a tharlóidh i ndáil le comhbhaint dhlíthiúil áirithe, beidh dlínse eisiatach ag an gcúirt nó ag na cúirteanna sin. Ní foláir comhaontú den sórt sin a thugann dlínse a bheith i scríbhinn nó arna fhianú i scríbhinn nó, a bheith, i dtrádáil nó tráchtáil idirnáisiúnta, i bhfoirm atá de réir na gcleachtas sa trádáil nó sa tráchtáil sin ar a bhfuil eolas nó ar ar cheart go mbeadh eolas ag na páirtithe. I gcás comhaontú den sórt sin a bheith déanta ag páirtithe nach bhfuil sainchónaí ar aon pháirtí díobh i Stát Conarthach, ní bheidh aon dlínse ag cúirteanna Stát Conarthach eile ar a ndíospóidí mura rud é go mbeidh diúltaithe ag an gcúirt nó ag na cúirteanna a roghnaíodh do dhlínse.
An chúirt nó na cúirteanna de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh dá dtugann ionstraim iontaobhais dlínse, beidh dlínse eisiatach aici nó acu in aon imeachtaí a thabharfar i gcoinne socraitheora, iontaobhaí nó tairbhí, má bhíonn comhbhaint i gceist idir na daoine sin nó a gcearta nó a n-oibleagáidí faoin iontaobhas.
Ní bheidh aon fheidhm dhlíthiúil ag comhaontuithe nó forálacha ionstraime iontaobhais a thugann dlínse má bhíonn siad contrártha d'fhorálacha Airteagail 12 nó 15, nó má bhíonn dlínse eisiatach de bhua Airteagal 16 ag na cúirteanna a bhfuil airbheartaithe acu a ndlínse a eisiamh.
Más ar mhaithe le haon cheann amháin de na páirtithe a rinneadh an comhaontú chun dlínse a thabhairt, beidh ag an bpáirtí sin i gcónaí an ceart chun imeachtaí a thabhairt in aon chúirt eile a bhfuil dlínse aici de bhua an Choinbhinsiúin seo.
Airteagal 18
Amach ó na cásanna ina bhfuil dlínse aici de bhua fhorálacha eile den Choinbhinsiún seo, beidh dlínse ag cúirt Stáit Chonarthaigh a dtaifeadfaidh cosantóir láithreas os a comhair. Ní bheidh feidhm leis an riail seo más conspóid na dlínse ba chuspóir don láithreas a thaifeadadh, nó má bhíonn dlínse eisiatach ag cúirt eile ann de bhua Airteagal 16.
ROINN 7
Fíorú ar dhlínse agus ar inghlacthacht
Airteagal 19
Cúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh a dtabharfar os a comhair éileamh a bhaineann go príomha le hábhar a bhfuil dlínse eisiatach ina leith ag cúirteanna Stáit Chonarthaigh eile de bhua Airteagal 16, dearbhóidh sí as a treoir féin nach bhfuil aon dlínse aici.
Airteagal 20
Má dhéantar cosantóir a bhfuil sainchónaí air i Stát Conarthach amháin a agairt i gcúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh eile agus nach dtaifeadfaidh sé láithreas, dearbhóidh an chúirt as a treoir féin nach bhfuil aon dlínse aici mura bhfuil dlínse aici atá bunaithe ar fhorálacha an Choinbhinsiúin seo.
Cuirfidh an chúirt bac ar na himeachtaí fad a bheifear gan a shuíomh go raibh caoi ag an gcosantóir doiciméad tionscanta na n-imeachtaí nó doiciméad comhionann a fháil in am trátha chun socrú a dhéanamh é féin a chosaint, nó go ndearnadh gach dícheall chuige sin.
Cuirfear in ionad fhorálacha na míre roimhe seo forálacha Airteagal 15 de Choinbhinsiún na Háige dar dáta 15 Samhain, 1965 ar sheirbheáil doiciméad dlíthiúil agus seachdhlíthiúil in ábhair shibhialta nó tráchtála ar an gcoigrích, má ba ghá doiciméad tionscanta na n-imeachtaí, nó fógra ina dtaobh, a sheoladh amach ar an gcoigrích de réir an Choinbhinsiúin sin.
ROINN 8
Lis Pendens—Caingne gaolmhara
Airteagal 21
Má dhéantar imeachtaí leis an gcúis chéanna chaingne agus idir na páirtithe céanna a thionscnamh i gcúirteanna Stát Conarthach éagsúil, dlífidh cúirt ar bith seachas an chéad chúirt ar tugadh os a comhair iad dlínse a dhiúltú, ar a treoir féin, i bhfabhar na chéad chúirte sin.
Cúirt a dhlífeadh dlínse a dhiúltú, féadfaidh sí bac a chur ar a himeachtaí má chonspóidtear dlínse na cúirte eile.
Airteagal 22
Má thionscnaítear caingne gaolmhara i gcúirteanna Stát Conarthach éagsúil, féadfaidh cúirt ar bith seachas an chéad chúirt ar tugadh os a comhair iad, le linn na caingne a bheith ar feitheamh ar an gcéad chéim, bac a chur ar a himeachtaí.
Féadfaidh cúirt seachas an chéad chúirt ar tugadh na caingne os a comhair dlínse a dhiúltú freisin, ar iarratas ó cheann de na páirtithe, má cheadaíonn dlí na cúirte sin caingne gaolmhara a dhlúthú agus go bhfuil dlínse i leith an dá chaingean ag an gcéad chúirt ar tugadh os a comhair iad.
Chun críocha an Airteagail seo, meastar caingne a bheith gaolmhar má bhíonn baint chomh dlúth sin acu lena chéile go bhfuil sé fóirsteanach iad a éisteacht agus breith a thabhairt orthu i dteannta a chéile ionas go seachnófaí breithiúnais bunoscionn lena chéile mar ab fhéidir a theacht d'imeachtaí ar leithligh.
Airteagal 23
Má thagann caingne faoi dhlínse eisiatach cúirteanna éagsúla, dlífidh cúirt ar bith seachas an chéad chúirt ar tugadh os a comhair iad dlínse a dhiúltú i bhfabhar na chéad chúirte sin.
ROINN 9
Bearta sealadacha, lena n-áirítear bearta cosantacha
Airteagal 24
Féadfar cibé bearta sealadacha, lena n-áirítear bearta cosantacha, a bheidh ar fáil faoi dhlí Stáit Chonarthaigh a iarraidh ar chúirteanna an Stáit sin, fiú más rud é, faoin gCoinbhinsiún seo, go bhfuil dlínse ag cúirteanna Stáit Chonarthaigh eile maidir le substaint an ábhair.
Teideal III
AITHINT AGUS FORGHNÍOMHÚ
Airteagal 25
Chun críocha an Choinbhinsiúin seo, ciallaíonn “breithiúnas” aon bhreithiúnas arna thabhairt ag cúirt nó binse de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh, cibé ainm a thugtar ar an mbreithiúnas, lena n-áirítear foraithne, ordú, cinneadh, nó eascaire fhorghníomhaithe, mar aon le cinneadh ar chostais nó caiteachais ag oifigeach den chúirt.
ROINN 1
Aithint
Airteagal 26
Gheobhaidh breithiúnas a tugadh i Stát Conarthach aithint sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile gan aon nós imeachta speisialta a bheith riachtanach chuige sin.
Aon pháirtí leasmhar a thabharfaidh aithint bhreithiúnais faoi thrácht mar phríomhshaincheist i gconspóid féadfaidh sé, de réir an nós imeachta dá bhforáiltear i Ranna 2 agus 3 den Teideal seo, iarratas a dhéanamh ar chinneadh go ndlitear an breithiúnas a aithint.
Má bhíonn toradh imeachtaí i gcúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh ag brath ar cheist theagmhasach aithinte a chinneadh beidh dlínse ag an gcúirt sin ar an gceist sin.
Airteagal 27
Ní aithneofar breithíunas:
1. má bhíonn an aithint sin contrártha don ord poiblí sa Stát ina n-iarrtar an aithint;
2. más d'éagmais láithris a tugadh an breithiúnas, mura ndearnadh doiciméad tionscanta na n-imeachtaí nó doiciméad comhionann a sheirbheáil go cuí ar an gcosantóir in am trátha chun socrú a dhéanamh é féin a chosaint;
3. má bhíonn an breithiúnas bunoscionn le breithiúnas a tugadh i ndíospóid idir na páirtithe céanna sa Stát ina n-iarrtar an aithint;
4. má rinne cúirt an Stáit inar tugadh an breithiúnas, d'fhonn teacht ar a breithiúnas, réamhcheist maidir le stádas nó le hinniúlacht dhlíthiúil daoine nádúrtha, le maoin-chearta de thoradh cóngais phósta, le huachtanna nó le comharbas, a chinneadh ar dhóigh atá contrártha le riail de dhlí idirnáisiúnta príobháideach an Stáit ina n-iarrtar an aithint, mura rud é gurb é an toradh céanna a thiocfadh de rialacha dhlí idirnáisiúnta príobháideach an Stáit sin a chur chun feidhme;
5. má bhíonn an breithiúnas bunoscionn le breithiúnas a tugadh roimhe sin i Stát neamh-Chonarthach agus é ag baint leis an gcúis chéanna chaingne agus idir na páirtithe céanna, nuair a chomhlíonann an breithiúnas deireanach seo na coinníollacha is gá chun é a aithint sa Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas.
Airteagal 28
Ina theannta sin, ní aithneofar breithiúnas má bhíonn sé contrártha le forálacha Roinn 3, 4 nó 5 de Theideal II, ná i gcás dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 59.
Nuair a bheidh na forais dlínse a luaitear sa mhír roimhe seo faoi bhreithniú aige nó aici, beidh an t-údarás nó an chúirt chun a ndearnadh an t-iarratas faoi cheangal ag na cinntí fíorais a ndearna cúirt an Stáit inar tugadh an breithiúnas a dlínse a bhunú orthu.
Faoi réir fhorálacha na chéad mhíre, ní féidir dlínse chúirt an Stáit inar tugadh an breithiúnas a athbhreithniú; ní bheidh an fhoráil i dtaobh ord poiblí dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 27.1 inchurtha chun feidhme ar na rialacha maidir le dlínse.
Airteagal 29
Ní féidir i gcás ar bith breithiúnas coigríche a athbhreithniú ó thaobh a shubstainte.
Airteagal 30
Féadfaidh cúirt i Stát Conarthach ina n-iarrtar aithint do bhreithiúnas a tugadh i Stát Conarthach eile bac a chur ar na himeachtaí má taisceadh gnáthachomharc i gcoinne an bhreithiúnais sin.
Féadfaidh cúirt i Stát Conarthach ina n-iarrtar aithint do bhreithiúnas a tugadh in Éirinn nó sa Ríocht Aontaithe bac a chur ar na himeachtaí má bhíonn forghníomhú curtha ar fionraí, mar gheall ar achomharc, sa Stát inar tugadh an breithiúnas.
ROINN 2
Forghníomhú
Airteagal 31
Déanfar breithiúnas a tugadh i Stát Conarthach agus is infhorghníomhaithe sa Stát sin a fhorghníomhú i Stát Conarthach eile nuair a bheidh, ar iarratas ó aon pháirtí leasmhar, ordú a fhorghníomhaithe eisithe sa Stát eile sin.
Sa Ríocht Aontaithe, áfach, déanfar breithiúnas den sórt sin a fhorghníomhú i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, in Albain, nó i dTuaisceart Éireann nuair a bheidh sé cláraithe, ar iarratas ó aon pháirtí leasmhar, lena fhorghníomhú sa chuid sin den Ríocht Aontaithe.
Airteagal 32
Is chucu seo a bheidh an t-iarratas le déanamh:
—sa Bheilg, an tribunal de première instance nó an rechtbank van eerste aanleg;
—sa Danmhairg, an underret;
—i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, uachtarán dlísheomra den Landgericht;
—sa Ghréig, an (Μονομελέζ Πρωτοδικείο)
—sa Fhrainc, uachtarán an tribunal de grande instance;
—in Éirinn, an Ard-Chúirt;
—san Iodáil, an corte d'appello;
—i Lucsamburg, uachtarán an tribunal d'arrondissement;
—san Ísiltír, uachtarán an arrondissementsrechtbank;
—sa Ríocht Aontaithe:
1. i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, an High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, an Magistrates' Court tríd an Secretary of State;
2. in Albain, an Court of Session nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, an Sheriff Court tríd an Secretary of State;
3. i dTuaisceart Éireann, an High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, an Magistrates' Court tríd an Secretary of State.
Cinnfear dlínse cúirteanna áitiúla de réir na háite a bhfuil sainchónaí ar an bpáirtí a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ina choinne. Mura bhfuil sainchónaí air sa Stát a n-iarrtar an forghníomhú ann, cinnfear í de réir áit an fhorghníomhaithe.
Airteagal 33
Is de réir dhlí an Stáit a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann a rialófar an nós imeachta maidir leis an iarratas a thaisceadh.
Ní foláir don iarratasóir seoladh a thabhairt le haghaidh seirbheála próise i limistéar dlínse na cúirte chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas. Ach más rud é nach bhforálann dlí an Stáit a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann seoladh mar sin a bheith le tabhairt, ceapfaidh an t-iarratasóir ionadaí ad litem.
Ní foláir na doiciméid a luaitear in Airteagail 46 agus 47 a bheith i gceangal leis an iarratas.
Airteagal 34
Tabharfaidh an chúirt chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas a breith ar an iarratas gan mhoill; agus ní fhéadfaidh an páirtí a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ina choinne aon aighneachtaí a dhéanamh maidir leis an iarratas ag an gcéim seo de na himeachtaí.
Ní féidir diúltú don iarratas ach ar chúis dá bhforáiltear in Airteagail 27 agus 28.
Ní féidir i gcás ar bith an breithiúnas coigríche a athbhreithniú ó thaobh a shubstainte.
Airteagal 35
Déanfaidh oifigeach iomchuí na cúirte, gan mhoill, an bhreith a tugadh ar an iarratas a chur in iúl don iarratasóir, de réir an nós imeachta a leagadh síos le dlí an Stáit a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann.
Airteagal 36
Má údaraítear forghníomhú, féadfaidh an páirtí ar iarradh forghníomhú ina choinne achomharc a dhéanamh i gcoinne na breithe laistigh de mhí ó lá a seirbheála.
Má tá sainchónaí ar an bpáirtí sin i Stát Conarthach seachas an ceann inar tugadh an bhreith a d'údaraigh forghníomhú, beidh tréimhse dhá mhí ann le haghaidh achomhairc agus rithfidh sí ó lá na seirbheála, air féin go pearsanta nó ag a ionad cónaithe. Ní féidir cur leis an tréimhse sin mar gheall ar fhad slí ó bhaile.
Airteagal 37
Déanfar achomharc i gcoinne na breithe a d'údaraigh forghníomhú a thaisceadh de réir rialacha an nós imeachta in ábhair chointinneacha:
—sa Bheilg, sa tribunal de première instance nó sa rechtbank van eerste aanleg;
—sa Danmhairg, sa landsret;
—i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, san Oberlandesgericht;
—sa Ghréig, san (ΕΦετείο)
—sa Fhrainc, sa cour d'appel;
—in Éirinn, san Ard-Chúirt;
—san Iodáil, sa corte d'appello;
—i Lucsamburg, sa cour supérieure de Justice ina suí di mar chúirt achomhairc shibhialta;
—san Ísiltír, san arrondissementsrechtbank;
—sa Ríocht Aontaithe:
1. i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, sa High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, sa Magistrates' Court;
2. in Albain, sa Court of Session nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, sa Sheriff Court;
3. i dTuaisceart Éireann, sa High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, sa Magistrates' Court.
Ní féidir an breithiúnas a tugadh ar an achomharc a chonspóid ach amháin:
—sa Bheilg, sa Ghréig, sa Fhrainc, san Iodáil, i Lucsamburg agus san Ísiltír, trí achomharc en cassation;
—sa Danmhairg, trí achomharc chuig an højesteret, le cead ón Aire Dlí agus Cirt;
—i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine trí Rechtsbeschwerde;
—in Éirinn, trí achomharc ar phointe dlí chuig an gCúirt Uachtarach;
—sa Ríocht Aontaithe, trí aon achomharc amháin eile ar phointe dlí.
Airteagal 38
Féadfaidh an chúirt ar tugadh an t-achomharc faoin gcéad mhír d'Airteagal 37 os a comhair, má iarrann an t-achomharcóir é, bac a chur leis na himeachtaí i gcás gnáthachomharc i gcoinne an bhreithiúnais a bheith taiscthe sa Stát inar tugadh an breithiúnas, nó mura bhfuil an tréimhse le haghaidh achomhairc den sórt sin dulta in éag fós; sa chás deiridh sin, féadfaidh an chúirt a shonrú cad é an tréimhse le haghaidh achomharc den sórt sin a thaisceadh.
Más in Éirinn nó sa Ríocht Aontaithe a tugadh an breithiúnas, measfar aon chineál achomhairc is indéanta sa Stát inar tugadh é a bheith ina ghnáthachomharc chun críocha na chéad mhíre.
Féadfaidh an chúirt freisin é a chur de choinníoll leis an bhforghníomhú go dtabharfar don chúirt cibé urrús a chinnfidh sí.
Airteagal 39
Le linn na tréimhse a shonraítear le haghaidh achomhairc de bhun Airteagal 36 agus go dtí go mbeidh breith tugtha ar aon achomharc den sórt sin, ní féidir a dhéanamh maidir leis an bhforghníomhú ach amháin bearta cosanta in aghaidh mhaoin an pháirtí a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ina choinne.
Gabhfaidh údarás chun aon bhearta cosanta den sórt sin a ghlacadh leis an mbreith a údaróidh forghníomhú.
Airteagal 40
Má dhiúltaítear don iarratas ar fhorghníomhú, féadfaidh an t-iarratasóir achomharc a dhéanamh:
—sa Bheilg, chuig an cour d'appel nó an hof van beroep;
—sa Danmhairg, chuig an landsret;
—i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, chuig an Oberlandesgericht;
—sa Ghréig, chuig an (ΕΦετείο)
—sa Fhrainc, chuig an cour d'appel;
—in Éirinn, chuig an Ard-Chúirt;
—san Iodáil, chuig an corte d'appello;
—i Lucsamburg, chuig an Cour supérieure de Justice, ina suí di mar chúirt achomhairc shibhialta;
—san Ísiltír, chuig an Gerechtshof;
—sa Ríocht Aontaithe:
1. i Sasana agus sa Bhreatain Bheag, chuig an High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, chuig an Magistrates' Court;
2. in Albain, chuig an Court of Session nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, chuig an Sheriff Court;
3. i dTuaisceart Éireann, chuig an High Court of Justice nó, i gcás breithiúnais chothabhála, chuig an Magistrates' Court.
Cuirfear toghairm ar an bpáirtí a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ina choinne á cheangal air láithriú os comhair na cúirte achomhairc. Mura láithreoidh sé, beidh forálacha an dara agus an tríú mír d'Airteagal 20 infheidhme, fiú mura bhfuil sainchónaí air in aon cheann de na Stáit Chonarthacha.
Airteagal 41
Ní féidir breithiúnas a tugadh ar achomharc dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 40 a chonspóid ach amháin:
—sa Bheilg, sa Ghréig, sa Fhrainc, san Iodáil, i Lucsamburg agus san Ísiltír, trí achomharc en cassation;
—sa Danmhairg, trí achomharc chuig an højesteret, le cead ón Aire Dlí agus Cirt;
—i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine, trí Rechtsbeschwerde;
—in Éirinn, trí achomharc ar phointe dlí chuig an gCúirt Uachtarach;
—sa Ríocht Aontaithe, trí aon achomharc amháin eile ar phointe dlí.
Airteagal 42
Má bhíonn breithiúnas coigríche tugtha i leith ábhar éagsúil agus nach féidir forghníomhú a údarú ina dtaobh go léir, déanfaidh an chúirt forghníomhú a údarú i gcás ábhair amháin nó níos mó díobh.
Féadfaidh iarratasóir forghníomhú páirteach ar bhreithiúnas a iarraidh.
Airteagal 43
Ní fhéadfar breithiúnas coigríche a d'ordaigh íocaíocht phionósach thréimhsiúil a fhorghníomhú sa Stát a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann mura mbeidh méid na híocaíochta arna chinneadh go críochnaitheach ag cúirteanna an Stáit inar tugadh an breithiúnas.
Airteagal 44
Iarratasóir ar tugadh dó go hiomlán nó go páirteach, sa Stát inar tugadh an breithiúnas, cúnamh dlíthiúil nó díolúine ó chostais nó ó chaiteachais, beidh teideal aige, sna nósanna imeachta dá bhforáiltear in Airteagail 32 go 35, chun tairbhiú den chúnamh dlíthiúil is fabhraí nó den díolúine is fairsinge ó chostais nó ó chaiteachais a fhoráiltear le dlí an Stáit chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas.
Ach féadfaidh iarratasóir a iarrfaidh forghníomhú ar chinneadh a thug údarás riaracháin sa Danmhairg i leith ordú cothabhála éileamh a dhéanamh, sa Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas, ar na tairbhí dá dtagraítear sa chéad mhír má thugann sé ar aird ráiteas ó Aireacht Dlí agus Cirt na Danmhairge á rá go gcomhlíonann sé na ceanglais eacnamaíochta is gá chun bheith cáilithe le haghaidh cúnaimh dhlíthiúil nó díolúine ó chostais nó ó chaiteachais, go hiomlán nó go páirteach.
Airteagal 45
Ní féidir urrús, banna ná taisce, de chineál ar bith, a éileamh ar pháirtí a iarrfaidh forghníomhú i Stát Conarthach amháin ar bhreithiúnas a tugadh i Stát Conarthach eile ar an bhforas gur náisiúnach eachtrach é ná ar an bhforas nach bhfuil sainchónaí ná gnáthchónaí air sa Stát a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann.
ROINN 3
Forálacha comhchoiteanna
Airteagal 46
Dlífidh páirtí a iarrfaidh aithint nó forghníomhú ar bhreithiúnas na nithe seo a leanas a thabhairt ar aird:
1. cóip den bhreithiúnas a shásóidh na coinníollacha is gá chun a barántúlacht a shuíomh;
2. i gcás breithiúnas mainneachtana, an chóip bhunaidh nó cóip dhílis dheimhnithe den doiciméad á shuíomh gur seirbheáladh doiciméad tionscanta na n-imeachtaí nó doiciméad comhionann ar an bpáirtí mainneachtnach.
Airteagal 47
Dlífidh páirtí a iarrfaidh forghníomhú na nithe seo a leanas a thabhairt ar aird freisin:
1. doiciméid á shuíomh go bhfuil an breithiúnas infhorghníomhaithe, agus gur seirbheáladh é, de réir dhlí an Stáit inar tugadh an breithiúnas;
2. más cuí, doiciméad á thaispeáint go bhfuil cabhair dhlíthiúil á fáil ag an iarratasóir sa Stát inar tugadh an breithiúnas.
Airteagal 48
Mura dtugtar ar aird na doiciméid a luaitear in Airteagail 46.2 agus 47.2, féadfaidh an chúirt tréimhse a shonrú chun iad a thabhairt ar aird, nó glacadh le doiciméid chomhionanna, nó déanamh d'éagmais na ndoiciméad má mheasann sí go bhfuil a sá faisnéise os a comhair.
Déanfar aistriúchán ar na doiciméid a thabhairt ar aird má éilíonn an chúirt é; ní foláir an t-aistriúchán a bheith deimhnithe ag duine atá cáilithe chuige sin i gceann de na Stáit Chonarthacha.
Airteagal 49
Ní gá aon dlíthiúilíocht ná aon fhoirmiúlacht dá samhail i leith na ndoiciméad a luaitear in Airteagail 46 nó 47 nó sa dara mír d'Airteagal 48, ná i leith doiciméad ag ceapadh ionadaí ad litem.
Teideal IV
IONSTRAIMÍ BARÁNTÚLA AGUS SOCRAÍOCHTAÍ CÚIRTE
Airteagal 50
Doiciméad a tarraingíodh suas go foirmiúil nó a cláraíodh mar ionstraim bharántúil agus is infhorghníomhaithe i Stát Conarthach amháin, déanfar, arna iarraidh sin de réir an nós imeachta dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 31 et seq., ordú a fhorghníomhaithe a eisiúint i Stát Conarthach eile. Ní féidir diúltú don iarratas ach amháin i gcás forghníomhú na hionstraime a bheith contrártha don ord poiblí sa Stát a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann.
Ní foláir an ionstraim a thabharfar ar aird a bheith de réir na gcoinníollacha is gá chun a bharántúlacht i Stát a tionscanta a shuíomh.
Beidh feidhm le forálacha Roinn 3 de Theideal III de réir mar is cuí.
Airteagal 51
Socraíocht ar tugadh formheas uirthi sa chúirt i gcúrsa imeachtaí agus is infhorghníomhaithe sa Stát inar tugadh i gcrích í, féadfar í a fhorghníomhú sa Stát a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann, faoi na coinníollacha céanna le hionstraimí barántúla.
Teideal V
FORÁLACHA GINEARÁLTA
Airteagal 52
Chun a chinneadh an bhfuil sainchónaí ar pháirtí i Stát Conarthach ar tugadh ábhar os comhair a chúirteanna, cuirfidh an chúirt a dlí inmheánach chun feidhme.
Mura bhfuil sainchónaí ar pháirtí sa Stát ar tugadh an t-ábhar os comhair a chúirteanna, déanfaidh an chúirt, chun a chinneadh an bhfuil sainchónaí i Stát Conarthach eile ar an bpáirtí, dlí an Stáit sin a chur chun feidhme.
Déanfar sainchónaí páirtí a chinneadh, áfach, de réir a dhlí náisiúnta féin más rud é, de réir an dlí sin, go mbraitheann a shainchónaí ar shainchónaí duine eile nó ar an áit a bhfuil suíomh údaráis.
Airteagal 53
Chun críocha an Choinbhinsiúin seo, measfar sainchónaí a bheith ar chuideachta nó ar dhuine dlítheanach nó ar chomhlachas de dhaoine nádúrtha nó dlítheanacha san áit a bhfuil a suíomh. Ach chun an suíomh sin a chinneadh cuirfidh an chúirt rialacha a dlí idirnáisiúnta phríobháidigh chun feidhme.
Chun a chinneadh an bhfuil sainchónaí ar iontaobhas sa Stát Conarthach a bhfuil an t-ábhar os comhair a chúirteanna, cuirfidh an chúirt rialacha a dlí idirnáisiúnta phríobháidigh chun feidhme.
Teideal VI
FORÁLACHA IDIRTHRÉIMHSEACHA
Airteagal 54
Ní bhainfidh forálacha an Choinbhinsiúin seo ach le himeachtaí dlíthiúla a thionscnófar agus le doiciméid a tharraingeofar suas go foirmiúil nó a chlárófar mar ionstraimí barántúla tar éis a theachta i bhfeidhm.
Déanfar, áfach, breithiúnais a thabharfar tar éis dáta an Choinbhinsiúin seo a theacht i bhfeidhm, i gcás imeachtaí a tionscnaíodh roimh an dáta sin, a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú de réir forálacha Theideal III má bhí dlínse bunaithe ar rialacha i gcomhréir leis na rialacha dá bhforáiltear i dTeideal II den Choinbhinsiún seo nó i gcoinbhinsiún a tugadh i gcrích idir an Stát tionscnaimh agus an Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas agus a raibh feidhm aige nuair a tionscnaíodh na himeachtaí.
Teideal VII
GAOL LE COINBHINSIÚIN EILE
Airteagal 55
Faoi réir fhorálacha an dara mír d'Airteagal 54, agus Airteagal 56, gabhfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo, i gcás na Stát is páirtithe ann, ionad na gCoinbhinsiún seo a leanas a tugadh i gcrích idir dhá cheann nó níos mó díobh:
—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Bheilg agus an Fhrainc ar dhlínse agus ar bhailíocht agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, dámhachtaintí eadrána agus ionstraimí barántúla, a síníodh i bPáras an 8 Iúil 1899;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Bheilg agus an Ísiltír ar dhlínse, ar fhéimheacht, agus ar bhailíocht agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, dámhachtaintí eadrána agus ionstraimí barántúla, a síníodh sa Bhruiséil an 28 Márta 1925;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Fhrainc agus an Iodáil ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh an 3 Meitheamh 1930;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Poblacht na Fraince ag déanamh socrú d'fhorghníomhú frithpháirteach breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, maille le Prótacal, a síníodh i bPáras an 18 Eanáir 1934;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Ríocht na Beilge ag déanamh socrú d'fhorghníomhú frithpháirteach breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, maille le Prótacal, a síníodh sa Bhruiséil an 2 Bealtaine 1934;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ghearmáin agus an Iodáil ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh an 9 Márta 1936;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine agus Ríocht na Beilge ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, dámhachtaintí eadrána agus ionstraimí barántúla go cómhalartach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh in Bonn an 30 Meitheamh 1958;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na hÍsiltíre agus Poblacht na hIodáile ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh an 17 Aibreán 1959;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine le haghaidh aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas go frithpháirteach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh in Bonn an 14 Iúil 1960;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na Gréige agus Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine le haghaidh aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, socraíochtaí agus ionstraimí barántúla go frithpháirteach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh san Aithin an 4 Samhain 1961;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na Beilge agus Poblacht na hIodáile ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas agus ionstraimí infhorghníomhaithe eile in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh an 6 Aibreán 1962;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir Ríocht na hÍsiltíre agus Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine ar aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas agus ionstraimí infhorghníomhaithe eile go cómhalartach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála a síníodh sa Háig an 30 Lúnasa 1962;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Poblacht na hIodáile le haghaidh aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas go frithpháirteach in ábhair shibhialta agus tráchtála, a síníodh sa Róimh an 7 Feabhra 1964, maille le Prótacal leasaitheach a síníodh sa Róimh an 14 Iúil 1970;
—an Coinbhinsiún idir an Ríocht Aontaithe agus Ríocht na hÍsiltíre ag déanamh socrú d'aithint agus d'fhorghníomhú breithiúnas go frithpháirteach in ábhair shibhialta, a síníodh sa Háig an 17 Samhain 1967,
agus, sa mhéid go bhfuil sé i bhfeidhm:
—an Conradh idir an Bheilg, an Ísiltír agus Lucsamburg ar dhlínse, ar fhéimheacht, agus ar bhailíocht agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, dámhachtaintí eadrána agus ionstraimí barántúla a síníodh sa Bhruiséil an 24 Samhain 1961.
Airteagal 56
Leanfaidh an Conradh agus na Coinbhinsiúin a luaitear in Airteagal 55 d'éifeacht a bheith acu maidir le hábhair nach mbaineann an Coinbhinsiún seo leo.
Leanfaidh siad d'éifeacht a bheith acu i leith breithiúnas a tugadh agus ionstraimí barántúla a tarraingíodh suas go foirmiúil nó a cláraíodh mar ionstraimí barántúla roimh theacht i bhfeidhm don Choinbhinsiún seo.
Airteagal 57
Ní dhéanfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo difear d'aon choinbhinsiún ina bhfuil nó ina mbeidh na Stáit Chonarthacha ina bpáirtithe agus a dhéanann, maidir le hábhair áirithe, rialú ar dhlínse nó ar aithint nó ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas.
Ní dhéanfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo difear d'fheidhmiú forálacha a dhéanann, maidir le hábhair áirithe, rialú ar dhlínse nó ar aithint nó ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas atá nó a bheidh i ngníomhartha institiúidí na gComhphobal Eorpach nó i ndlíthe náisiúnta arna gcomhchuibhiú i bhfeidhmiú na ngníomhartha sin.
(Forálann Airteagal 25.2 de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978:
“Chun a áirithint go dtabharfar léiriú comhionann air, cuirfear mír 1 d'Airteagal 57 chun feidhme mar a leanas:
(a) ní chuirfidh Coinbhinsiún 1968, arna leasú, toirmeasc ar chúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh, atá ina pháirtí i gcoinbhinsiún a bhaineann le hábhar áirithe, dlínse a ghabháil chuici de réir an choinbhinsiúin sin, fiú más i Stát Conarthach eile nach bhfuil ina pháirtí sa choinbhinsiún sin atá sainchónaí ar an gcosantóir. Déanfaidh an chúirt, in aon chás, Airteagal 20 de Choinbhinsiún 1968, arna leasú, a chur chun feidhme;
(b) déanfar breithiúnas a tugadh i Stát Conarthach i bhfeidhmiú dlínse dá bhforáiltear i gcoinbhinsiún ar ábhar áirithe a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile de réir Choinbhinsiún 1968 arna leasú.
Má leagtar síos le coinbhinsiún ar ábhar áirithe, a bhfuil an Stát tionscnaimh agus an Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas ina bpáirtithe ann, coinníollacha i dtaobh breithiúnais a aithint nó a fhorghníomhú, beidh feidhm ag na coinníollacha sin. In aon chás, féadfar feidhm a thabhairt do na forálacha de Choinbhinsiún 1968, arna leasú, a bhaineann leis an nós imeachta chun breithiúnais a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú.”)
Airteagal 58
Ní dhéanfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo difear do na cearta a deonaíodh do náisiúnaigh Eilvéiseacha leis an gCoinbhinsiún a tugadh i gcrích an 15 Meitheamh 1869 idir an Fhrainc agus Cónaidhm na hEilvéise ar dhlínse agus ar fhorghníomhú breithiúnas in ábhair shibhialta.
Airteagal 59
Ní choiscfidh an Coinbhinsiún seo ar Stát Conarthach a ghabháil d'oibleagáid air féin i leith tríú Stát, i gcoinbhinsiún um aithint agus forghníomhú breithiúnas, gan breithiúnais a aithint a tugadh i Stáit Chonarthacha eile i gcoinne cosantóirí a raibh sainchónaí nó gnáthchónaí orthu sa tríú Stát más rud é, i gcásanna dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 4, nárbh fhéidir an breithiúnas a bhunú ach amháin ar fhoras dlínse a shonraítear sa dara mír d'Airteagal 3.
Ní fhéadfaidh Stát Conarthach, áfach, é a ghabháil d'oibleagáid air féin i leith tríú Stát gan breithiúnas a aithint a bheidh tugtha i Stát Conarthach eile ag cúirt ar bunaíodh a dlínse ar mhaoin leis an gcosantóir a bheith sa Stát sin, nó ar urghabháil ag an ngearánaí ar mhaoin atá sa Stát sin, más rud é:
1. gur tionscnaíodh an chaingean chun cearta dílseánaigh nó cearta seilbhe ar an maoin sin a fhógairt nó a dhearbhu nó chun údarás a fháil í a dhiúscairt, nó gur as saincheist eile a bhaineann leis an maoin sin a thig an chaingean, nó,
2. gurb í an mhaoin sin an t-urrús i leith fiach is ábhar don chaingean.
Teideal VIII
FORÁLACHA CRÍOCHNAITHEACHA
Airteagal 60
Bainfidh an Coinbhinsiún seo le críocha Eorpacha na Stát Conarthach, lena n-áirítear an Ghraonlainn, leis na ranna Francacha thar lear agus leis na críocha Francacha thar lear, agus le Mayotte.
Féadfaidh Ríocht na hÍsiltíre a dhearbhú, tráth an Choinbhinsiúin seo a shíniú nó a dhaingniú nó tráth ar bith ina dhiaidh sin, trí fhógra a thabhairt d'Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, go mbainfidh an Coinbhinsiún seo le hAintillí na hÍsiltíre. Mura ndéantar dearbhú mar sin, measfar i gcás imeachtaí a bheidh ar bun i gcríoch Eorpach na Ríochta de bhíthin achomhairc en cassation i gcoinne breithiúnais ó chúirt in Aintillí na hÍsiltíre na himeachtaí sin a bheith ar bun sa chúirt deiridh sin.
D'ainneoin na chéad mhíre, ní bhainfidh an Coinbhinsiún seo:
1. le hOileáin Fharó, mura ndearbhóidh Ríocht na Danmhairge a mhalairt;
2. le haon chríoch Eorpach lasmuigh den Ríocht Aontaithe a bhfuil an Ríocht Aontaithe freagrach ina caidreamh idirnáisiúnta, mura ndearbhóidh an Ríocht Aontaithe a mhalairt i dtaobh aon chríche den sórt sin.
Féadfar na dearbhuithe sin a dhéanamh am ar bith trína gcur i bhfios d'Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach.
Imeachtaí a thionscnófar sa Ríocht Aontaithe ar achomharc ó chúirteanna i gceann de na críocha dá dtagraítear i bhfomhír 2 den tríú mír, measfar iad a bheith ina n-imeachtaí ar siúl sna cúirteanna sin.
Imeachtaí a ndéileáiltear leo i Ríocht na Danmhairge faoin dlí um an nós imeachta sibhialta d'Oileáin Fharó (lov for Faerøerne om rettens pleje), measfar iad a bheith ina n-imeachtaí ar siúl i gcúirteanna Oileáin Fharó.
Airteagal 61
Déanfaidh Stáit a shínithe daingniú ar an gCoinbhinsiún seo. Taiscfear na hionstraimí daingniúcháin le hArd-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach.
Airteagal 62
Tiocfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo i bhfeidhm an chéad lá den tríú mí i ndiaidh thaisceadh na hionstraime daingniúcháin ag an gceann is déanaí de Stáit a shínithe a dhéanfaidh an taisceadh sin.
Airteagal 63
Aithníonn na Stáit Chonarthacha go ndlífidh aon Stát a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina chomhalta de Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa glacadh leis an gCoinbhinsiún seo mar bhonn do na caibidlí is gá idir na Stáit Chonarthacha agus an Stát sin chun a áirithint go bhfeidhmeofar an fhomhír dheireanach d'Airteagal 220 den Chonradh ag bunú Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa.
Is féidir na hoiriúnuithe is gá a bheith ina n-ábhar do choinbhinsiún speisialta idir na Stáit Chonarthacha de pháirt agus an Ballstát nua den pháirt eile.
Airteagal 64
Cuirfidh Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach in iúl do na Stáit a shíneoidh an Coinbhinsiún seo:
(a) taisceadh gach ionstraime daingniúcháin;
(b) dáta an Choinbhinsiúin seo a theacht i bhfeidhm;
(c) aon dearbhú a fuarthas de bhun Airteagal 60;
(d) aon dearbhú a fuarthas de bhun Airteagal IV den Phrótacal;
(e) aon téacsanna a fuarthas de bhun Airteagal VI den Phrótacal.
Airteagal 65
Is cuid dhílis den Choinbhinsiún seo an Prótacal atá curtha i gceangal leis de chomhthoil na Stát Conarthach.
Airteagal 66
Tá an Coinbhinsiún seo tugtha i gcrích go ceann tréimhse gan teorainn.
Airteagal 67
Féadfaidh Stát Conarthach ar bith athbhreithniú ar an gCoinbhinsiún seo a iarraidh. Sa chás sin, comórfaidh Uachtarán Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach comhdháil lena athbhreithniú.
Airteagal 68
Tarraingíodh an Coinbhinsiún seo suas i scríbhinn bhunaidh amháin sa Fhraincis, sa Ghearmáinis, san Iodáilis agus san Ollainnis, agus comhúdarás ag gach ceann de na ceithre théacs; taiscfear é i gcartlann Rúnaíocht Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, agus cuirfidh an tArd-Rúnaí cóip dheimhnithe chuig Rialtas gach ceann de Stáit a shínithe.
(Sínithe Lánchumhachtaigh na sé Stát Chonarthacha bunaidh)
PRÓTACAL I gCEANGAL LE COINBHINSIÚN
Tá na hArdpháirtithe Conarthacha tar éis comhaontú ar na forálacha seo a leanas, a chuirfear i gceangal leis an gCoinbhinsiún:
Airteagal I
Aon duine ina shainchónaí i Lucsamburg a agrófar i gcúirt Stáit Chonarthaigh eile de bhun Airteagal 5.1, féadfaidh sé diúltú géilleadh do dhlínse na cúirte sin. Mura dtaifeadfaidh an cosantóir láithreas, dearbhóidh an chúirt, as a treoir féin, nach bhfuil dlínse aici.
Beidh comhaontú chun dlínse a thabhairt, de réir bhrí Airteagal 17, gan bailíocht i leith duine ina shainchónaí i Lucsamburg murar aontaigh an duine sin leis go sainráite agus go speisialta.
Airteagal II
Gan dochar d'aon fhorálacha níos fabhraí i ndlíthe náisiúnta, má bhíonn daoine a bhfuil sainchónaí orthu i Stát Conarthach á n-ionchúiseamh mar gheall ar chion neamhthoiliúil i gcúirteanna coiriúla Stáit Chonarthaigh eile nach náisiúnaigh dá chuid iad, féadfaidh daoine atá cáilithe chuige sin feidhmiú ar a son lena gcosaint, fiú gan iad a bheith i láthair go pearsanta.
Ach féadfaidh an chúirt ar tugadh an t-ábhar os a comhair a ordú do dhuine láithriú go pearsanta; mura ndearnadh láithriú níl sé riachtanach aithint a thabhairt ná forghníomhú a dhéanamh sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile ar bhreithiúnas a tugadh sa chaingean shibhialta gan caoi a bheith ag an duine a cúisíodh socrú a dhéanamh chun é féin a chosaint.
Airteagal III
In imeachtaí chun ordú forghníomhaithe a eisiúint, ní dhéanfar muirear, dleacht ná cáin ar bith, arna ríomh de réir luach an ábhair i saincheist, a thobhach sa Stát a n-iarrtar forghníomhú ann.
Airteagal IV
Doiciméid dhlíthiúla nó seachdhlíthiúla a tarraingíodh suas i Stát Conarthach amháin agus a dhlífear a sheirbheáil ar dhaoine i Stát Conarthach eile, tarchuirfear iad de réir an nós imeachta dá bhforáiltear sna coinbhinsiúin agus sna comhaontuithe a cuireadh i gcrích idir na Stáit Chonarthacha.
Mura ndéanfaidh an Stát a bhfuil siad le seirbheáil ann agóid ina choinne sin trí dhearbhú d'Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, is féidir freisin d'oifigigh phoiblí iomchuí an Stáit inar tarraingíodh suas an doiciméad é a chur go díreach chuig oifigigh phoiblí iomchuí an Stáit ina bhfuil seolaí an doiciméid le fáil. Sa chás sin, déanfaidh oifigeach Stát a thionscanta cóip den doiciméad a chur chuig an oifigeach de chuid an Stáit chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas a bhfuil údarás aige í a chur ar aghaidh chuig an seolaí. Cuirfear an doiciméad ar aghaidh ar an modh a shonraítear le dlí an Stáit chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas. Dearbhófar go ndearnadh amhlaidh i ndeimhniú a chuirfear go díreach go dtí oifigeach Stát a thionscanta.
Airteagal V
I bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine ní féidir feidhm a bhaint as an dlínse a shonraítear in Airteagal 6.2 agus in Airteagal 10 i gcaingne ar bharántas nó ar ráthaíocht nó in aon imeachtaí eile tríú páirtí. Sa Stát sin, féadfar aon duine ina shainchónaí i Stát Conarthach eile a agairt sna cúirteanna de bhun Airteagail 68, 72, 73 agus 74 de chód an nós imeachta shibhialta (Zivilprozeβordnung) maidir le fógraí tríú páirtí.
Déanfar breithiúnais a tugadh sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile de bhua Airteagal 6.2 nó Airteagal 10 a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine de réir Theideal III. Aithneofar mar an gcéanna sna Stáit Chonarthacha eile aon éifeachtaí a bheadh ag breithiúnais a tugadh sa Stát sin ar thríú páirtithe, de bhun Airteagail 68, 72, 73 agus 74 de chód an nós imeachta shibhialta (Zivilprozeβordnung) a chur chun feidhme.
Airteagal Va
In ábhair a bhaineann le cothabháil, folaíonn an focal ‘cúirt’ údaráis riaracháin na Danmhairge.
Airteagal Vb
In imeachtaí a bhaineann le díospóid idir máistir loinge farraige atá cláraithe sa Danmhairg, sa Ghréig nó in Éirinn agus duine dá foireann, maidir le luach saothair nó le coinníollacha eile seirbhíse, cinnteoidh cúirt i Stát Conarthach cé acu ar cuireadh nó nár cuireadh an díospóid i bhfios don oifigeach taidhleoireachta nó consalach ar a bhfuil cúram na loinge. Cuirfidh sí bac ar na himeachtaí fad a bheidh an díospóid gan cur i bhfios don oifigeach. Déanfaidh sí, uaithi féin, dlínse a dhiúltú más rud é, arna cur i bhfios go cuí don oifigeach, gur fheidhmigh sé na cumhachtaí a tugadh dó san ábhar le coinbhinsiún consalach nó, in éagmais coinbhinsiúin den sórt sin, go ndearna sé, laistigh den tréimhse cheaptha, aon agóid in aghaidh fheidhmiú na dlínse sin.
Airteagal Vc
Nuair a dhéanfar faoi chuimsiú Airteagal 69 (5) den Choinbhinsiún maidir leis an bPaitinn Eorpach don Chómhargadh, a síníodh i Lucsamburg an 15 Nollaig 1975, Airteagail 52 agus 53 den Choinbhinsiún seo a chur chun feidhme ar na forálacha a bhaineann le residence i dtéacs Béarla an chéad Choinbhinsiúin sin, is tuigthe tagairt do residence sa téacs sin a bheith ina tagairt do shainchónaí in Airteagail 52 agus 53 thuasluaite.
Airteagal Vd
Gan dochar do dhlínse Oifig na bPaitinní Eorpacha faoin gCoinbhinsiún chun Paitinní Eorpacha a Dheonú a síníodh i München an 5 Deireadh Fómhair 1973, beidh dlínse eisiatach ag cúirteanna gach Stáit Chonarthaigh, gan aird a thabhairt ar shainchónaí, in imeachtaí a bhaineann le clárú nó bailíocht aon phaitinne Eorpaí a deonaíodh le haghaidh an Stáit sin nach paitinn Chomhphobail de bhua fhorálacha Airteagal 86 den Choinbhinsiún maidir leis an bPaitinn Eorpach don Chómhargadh, a síníodh i Lucsamburg an 15 Nollaig 1975.
Airteagal VI
Cuirfidh na Stáit Chonarthacha in iúl d'Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach téacsanna aon fhorálacha ina ndlíthe a dhéanann leasú ar na hairteagail sin dá ndlíthe a luaitear sa Choinbhinsiún nó ar liosta na gcúirteanna a shonraítear i Roinn 2 de Theideal III den Choinbhinsiún.
AN DARA SCEIDEAL
Téacs de Phrótacal 1971 arna leasú le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978 agus le Coinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982
Airteagal 1
Beidh dlínse ag Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach chun rialú a thabhairt i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin ar Dhlínse agus ar Fhorghníomhú Breithiúnas in Ábhair Shibhialta agus Tráchtála agus an Phrótacail atá i gceangal leis an gCoinbhinsiún sin, a síníodh sa Bhruiséil an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968, agus fós i dtaobh léiriú an Phrótacail seo.
Beidh dlínse freisin ag Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach chun rialú a thabhairt i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin ar Aontú Ríocht na Danmhairge, na hÉireann agus Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann do Choinbhinsiún an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968 agus don Phrótacal seo.
Beidh dlínse freisin ag Cúirt Bhreithiúnais na gComhphobal Eorpach chun rialú a thabhairt i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin ar Aontú na Poblachta Heilléanaí do Choinbhinsiún an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968 agus don Phrótacal seo, arna n-oiriúnú le Coinbhinsiún 1978.
Airteagal 2
Féadfaidh na cúirteanna seo a leanas a iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais réamhrialú a thabhairt ar cheisteanna léiriúcháin:
1. —sa Bheilg: la Cour de Cassation — het Hof van Cassatie agus le Conseil d'État — de Raad van State,
—sa Danmhairg: højesteret,
—i bPoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine: die obersten Gerichtshöfe des Bundes,
—sa Ghréig: na (ανώτατα δικαστήϱια)
—sa Fhrainc: la Cour de Cassation agus le Conseil d'État,
—in Éirinn: an Chúirt Uachtarach,
—san Iodáil: la Corte Suprema de Cassazione,
—i Lucsamburg: la Cour supérieure de Justice ina suí di mar Cour de Cassation,
—san Ísiltír: de Hoge Raad,
—sa Ríocht Aontaithe: an House of Lords agus cúirteanna a ndearnadh iarratas chucu faoin dara mír d'Airteagal 37 nó faoi Airteagal 41 den Choinbhinsiún;
2. cúirteanna na Stát Conarthach ina suí dóibh i gcáil achomharcach;
3. sna cásanna dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 37 den Choinbhinsiún, na cúirteanna a luaitear san Airteagal sin.
Airteagal 3
1. Nuair a dhéanfar ceist i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin nó ionstraime eile dá luaitear in Airteagal 1 a tharraingt anuas i gcás a bheidh ar feitheamh os comhair cúirte dá luaitear in Airteagal 2.1, iarrfaidh an chúirt sin ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais, má mheasann sí gur gá cinneadh ar an gceist ionas go bhféadfaidh sí breithiúnas a thabhairt, rialú a thabhairt ar an gceist sin.
2. Má tharraingítear ceist mar sin anuas os comhair aon chúirte dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 2.2 nó 2.3, féadfaidh an chúirt sin, ar na coinníollacha atá leagtha síos i mír 1, a iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais rialú a thabhairt uirthi.
Airteagal 4
1. Féadfaidh údarás inniúil Stáit Chonarthaigh a iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais rialú a thabhairt ar cheist i dtaobh léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin nó i dtaobh léiriú ceann de na hionstraimí eile a luaitear in Airteagal 1 má bhíonn breithiúnais ó chúirteanna sa Stát sin ar neamhréir leis an léiriú a thug an Chúirt Bhreithiúnais nó a tugadh i mbreithiúnas ó chúirt de chuid Stáit Chonarthaigh eile a luaitear in Airteagal 2.1 nó 2.2. Ní bhainfidh forálacha na míre seo ach le breithiúnais a bhfuil éifeacht res judicata leo.
2. Ní dhéanfaidh an léiriú a dhéanfaidh an Chúirt Bhreithiúnais de bhun iarratais den sórt sin difear do na breithiúnais ba bhun leis an léiriú sin a iarraidh.
3. Beidh Ionchúisitheoirí Ginearálta na gCúirteanna Uachtaracha Achomhairc sna Stáit Chonarthacha, nó údarás ar bith eile a bheidh ainmnithe chuige sin ag Stát Conarthach, i dteideal rialú ar an léiriú a iarraidh ar an gCúirt Bhreithiúnais de réir mhír 1.
4. Tabharfaidh Cláraitheoir na Cúirte Breithiúnais fógra faoin iarratas do na Stáit Chonarthacha, don Choimisiún agus do Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach; beidh siadsan i dteideal ansin, laistigh de dhá mhí tar éis an fógra a fháil, sonruithe cáis nó tuairimí i scríbhinn a chur faoi bhráid na Cúirte.
5. Ní fhéadfar aon táillí a thobhach ná aon chostais nó caiteachas a dhámhachtain i leith na n-imeachtaí dá bhforáiltear san Airteagal seo.
Airteagal 5
1. Na forálacha sin den Chonradh ag bunú Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa, agus na cinn sin den Phrótacal ar Reacht na Cúirte Breithiúnais atá i gceangal leis, is infheidhme nuair a iarrtar ar an gCúirt réamhrialú a thabhairt, beidh feidhm acu mar an gcéanna, ach amháin mar a bhforáiltear a mhalairt leis an bPrótacal seo, ar aon nós imeachta maidir le léiriú an Choinbhinsiúin agus na n-ionstraimí eile a luaitear in Airteagal 1.
2. Déanfar, más gá, Rialacha Nós Imeachta na Cúirte Breithiúnais a oiriúnú agus a chomhlánú de réir Airteagal 188 den Chonradh ag bunú Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa.
Airteagal 6
Bainfidh an Prótacal seo le críocha Eorpacha na Stát Conarthach, lena n-áirítear an Ghraonlainn, leis na ranna Francacha thar lear agus leis na críocha Francacha thar lear, agus le Mayotte.
Féadfaidh Ríocht na hÍsiltíre a dhearbhú tráth an Phrótacail seo a shíniú nó a dhaingniú, nó tráth ar bith ina dhiaidh sin, trí fhógra a thabhairt d'Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, go mbainfidh an Prótacal seo le hAintillí na hÍsiltíre.
D'ainneoin na chéad mhíre, ní bhainfidh an Prótacal seo:
1. le hOileáin Fharó, mura ndearbhóidh Ríocht na Danmhairge a mhalairt;
2. le haon chríoch Eorpach lasmuigh den Ríocht Aontaithe a bhfuil an Ríocht Aontaithe freagrach ina caidreamh idirnáisiúnta, mura ndearbhóidh an Ríocht Aontaithe a mhalairt i dtaobh aon chríche den sórt sin.
Féadfar na dearbhuithe sin a dhéanamh am ar bith trína gcur i bhfios d'Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach.
Airteagal 7
Déanfaidh Stáit a shínithe daingniú ar an bPrótacal seo. Taiscfear na hionstraimí daingniúcháin le hArd-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach.
Airteagal 8
Tiocfaidh an Prótacal seo i bhfeidhm an chéad lá den tríú mí i ndiaidh thaisceadh na hionstraime daingniúcháin ag an gceann is déanaí de Stáit a shínithe a dhéanfaidh an taisceadh sin; ach ní thiocfaidh sé i bhfeidhm tráth is luaithe ná teacht i bhfeidhm Choinbhinsiún an 27 Meán Fómhair 1968 ar Dhlínse agus ar Fhorghníomhú Breithiúnas in Ábhair Shibhialta agus Tráchtála.
Airteagal 9
Aithníonn na Stáit Chonarthacha go ndlífidh gach Stát a thiocfaidh chun bheith ina chomhalta de Chomhphobal Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa, agus a mbainfidh Airteagal 63 den Choinbhinsiún ar Dhlínse agus ar Fhorghníomhú Breithiúnas in Ábhair Shibhialta agus Tráchtála leis, glacadh le forálacha an Phrótacail seo, faoi réir cibé oiriúnuithe is gá.
Airteagal 10
Cuirfidh Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach in iúl do na Stáit a shíneoidh an Prótacal seo:
(a) taisceadh gach ionstraime daingniúcháin;
(b) dáta an Phrótacail seo a theacht i bhfeidhm;
(c) aon ainmniú a fuarthas de bhun Airteagal 4.3;
(d) aon dearbhú a fuarthas de bhun Airteagal 6.
Airteagal 11
Cuirfidh na Stáit Chonarthacha in iúl d'Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach téacsanna aon fhorálacha ina ndlíthe a bheireann gur gá liosta na gcúirteanna in Airteagal 2.1 a leasú.
Airteagal 12
Tá an Prótacal seo tugtha i gcrích go ceann tréimhse gan teorainn.
Airteagal 13
Féadfaidh Stát Conarthach ar bith athbhreithniú ar an bPrótacal seo a iarraidh. Sa chás sin comórfaidh Uachtarán Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach comhdháil lena athbhreithniú.
Airteagal 14
Tarraingíodh an Prótacal seo suas i scríbhinn bhunaidh amháin sa Fhraincis, sa Ghearmáinis, san Iodáilis agus san Ollainnis, agus comhúdarás ag gach ceann de na ceithre théacs; taiscfear é i gcartlann Rúnaíocht Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, agus cuirfidh an tArd-Rúnaí cóip dheimhnithe chuig Rialtas gach ceann de Stáit a shínithe.
AN TRÍÚ SCEIDEAL
Teidil V agus VI de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1978
Teideal V
FORÁLACHA IDIRTHRÉIMHSEACHA
Airteagal 34
1. Ní bheidh feidhm ag Coinbhinsiún 1968 agus Prótacal 1971, fara na leasuithe a dhéantar leis an gCoinbhinsiún seo, ach amháin ar imeachtaí dlíthiúla a thionscnófar agus ar ionstraimí barántúla a tharraingeofar suas go foirmiúil nó a chlárófar tar éis an Coinbhinsiún seo a theacht i bhfeidhm sa Stát tionscnaimh, agus i gcás iarratais chun breithiúnas nó ionstraim bharántúil a aithint nó a fhorghníomhú, sa Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas.
2. Ach, amhail idir na sé Stát Chonarthacha i gCoinbhinsiún 1968, déanfar breithiúnais a thabharfar tar éis dáta an Choinbhinsiúin seo a theacht i bhfeidhm in imeachtaí a tionscnaíodh roimh an dáta sin a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú de réir fhorálacha Theideal III de Choinbhinsiún 1968 arna leasú.
3. Thairis sin, amhail idir na sé Stát Chonarthacha i gCoinbhinsiún 1968, agus na trí Stát a luaitear in Airteagal 1 den Choinbhinsiún seo, agus amhail idir na trí Stát sin, déanfar breithiúnais a thabharfar tar éis dáta an Choinbhinsiúin seo a theacht i bhfeidhm idir an Stát tionscnaimh agus an Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas in imeachtaí a tionscnaíodh roimh an dáta sin a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú freisin de réir fhorálacha Theideal III de Choinbhinsiún 1968 arna leasú i gcás an dlínse a bheith bunaithe ar rialacha a bhí i gcomhréir le forálacha Theideal II, arna leasú, nó le forálacha i gcoinbhinsiún arna thabhairt i gcrích idir an Stát tionscnaimh agus an Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas agus a raibh feidhm aige nuair a tionscnaíodh na himeachtaí.
Airteagal 35
Má bhí na páirtithe i ndíospóid i dtaobh conartha tar éis comhaontú a dhéanamh i scríbhinn, roimh theacht i bhfeidhm don Choinbhinsiún seo, go mbeadh an conradh faoi rialú ag dlí na hÉireann nó ag dlí chuid den Ríocht Aontaithe, coinneoidh cúirteanna na hÉireann nó na coda sin den Ríocht Aontaithe an ceart chun dlínse a fheidhmiú sa díospóid.
Airteagal 36
Go ceann tréimhse trí bliana ó theacht i bhfeidhm do Choinbhinsiún 1968 i gcás Ríocht na Danmhairge agus i gcás na hÉireann, faoi seach, déanfar dlínse in ábhair mhuirí a chinneadh sna Stáit sin de réir fhorálacha an Choinbhinsiúin sin i dteannta fhorálacha mhíreanna 1 go 6 anseo thíos. Ach nuair a thiocfaidh an Coinbhinsiún Idirnáisiúnta maidir le Longa Farraige a Ghabháil, a síníodh sa Bhruiséil an 10 Bealtaine 1952, i bhfeidhm i gcás ceann de na Stáit sin, scoirfidh na forálacha seo d'éifeacht a bheith acu i gcás an Stáit sin.
1. Féadfar duine ar a bhfuil sainchónaí i Stát Conarthach a agairt i gcúirteanna ceann de na Stáit thuasluaite maidir le héileamh muirí más rud é go ndearnadh an long lena mbaineann an t-éileamh, nó aon long eile leis an duine sin, a ghabháil trí phróis dlí i gcríoch an Stáit is déanaí atá luaite chun an t-éileamh a urrú, nó go bhféadfaí í a ghabháil ann amhlaidh ach gur tugadh banna nó urrús eile, sna cásanna seo a leanas:
(a) má tá sainchónaí sa Stát deireanach sin ar an éilitheoir; nó
(b) más sa Stát deireanach sin a d'éirigh an t-éileamh; nó
(c) má bhaineann an t-éileamh leis an aistear ar lena linn a rinneadh an ghabháil nó a d'fhéadfaí í a dhéanamh; nó
(d) má thig an t-éileamh as imbhualadh nó as damáiste a rinne long do long eile nó d'earraí nó do dhaoine ar bord ceachtar long, trí chor inlíochta a dhéanamh nó gan é a dhéanamh nó trí neamhchomhlíonadh rialachán; nó
(e) más éileamh ar tharrthálas atá ann; nó
(f) más éileamh i leith mhorgáistiú na loinge a gabhadh nó i leith a curtha i ngeall atá ann.
2. Féadfaidh éilitheoir an long áirithe a mbaineann an t-éileamh muirí léi a ghabháil, nó aon long eile leis an duine arbh é úinéir na loinge áirithe é an tráth a d'éirigh an t-éileamh muirí. Ach i gcás na n-éileamh muirí atá leagtha amach i bhfomhír (o), (p) nó (q) de mhír 5 den Airteagal seo, ní féidir a ghabháil ach an long áirithe a mbaineann an t-éileamh muirí léi.
3. Measfar longa a bheith san úinéireacht chéanna nuair is leis an duine nó na daoine céanna na scaireanna go léir iontu.
4. I gcás cairtfhostú loinge trína forléasadh, más é an cairtfhostóir amháin atá faoi dhliteanas i leith éilimh mhuirí a bhaineann leis an long sin, féadfaidh an t-éilitheoir an long sin nó aon long eile leis an gcairtfhostóir a ghabháil, ach ní fhéadfar aon long eile is leis an úinéir a ghabháil i leith an éilimh mhuirí sin. Is mar sin a bheidh freisin in aon chás ina mbeidh duine seachas úinéir loinge faoi dhliteanas i leith éilimh mhuirí a bhaineann leis an long sin.
5. Ciallaíonn an abairt “éileamh muirí” éileamh a thig as ní nó nithe díobh seo a leanas:
(a) damáiste ar bith a raibh long ina cúis leis, trí imbhualadh nó ar dhóigh eile;
(b) bás duine nó díobháil do dhuine a raibh long ar bith ina cúis leis nó a tharla i ndáil le hoibriú loinge ar bith;
(c) tarrthálas;
(d) comhaontú maidir le húsáid nó le fruiliú loinge ar bith, cibé acu trí chonradh fostaithe nó ar dhóigh eile é;
(e) comhaontú maidir le hiompar earraí in aon long cibé acu trí chonradh fostaithe nó ar dhóigh eile é;
(f) cailleadh nó damáistiú earraí, lena n-áirítear bagáiste, a bhí á n-iompar i long ar bith;
(g) caillroinnt ilpháirteach;
(h) longmhorgáiste;
(i) tuáil;
(j) píolótaíocht;
(k) earraí nó ábhair a soláthraíodh in áit ar bith do long chun í a oibriú nó a choimeád i dtreo;
(l) déanamh, deisiú nó trealmhú loinge ar bith nó táillí agus dleachtanna duga;
(m) pá máistrí, oifigeach nó foirne;
(n) eisíocaíochtaí máistir, lena n-áirítear eisíocaíochtaí a rinne seoladóirí, cairtfhostóirí nó gníomhairí thar ceann loinge nó thar ceann a húinéara;
(o) díospóid i dtaobh an teidil chun loinge ar bith nó i dtaobh a húinéireachta;
(p) díospóidí idir comhúinéirí loinge ar bith i dtaobh úinéireacht, seilbh, úsáid nó tuilleamh na loinge sin;
(q) morgáistiú loinge ar bith nó a cur i ngeall.
6. Sa Danmhairg, measfar, maidir leis na héilimh mhuirí dá dtagraítear i bhfomhíreanna (o) agus (p) de mhír 5 den Airteagal seo, go bhfolaíonn an focal “gabháil” forbud i gcás inarb é sin an t-aon nós imeachta amháin a cheadaítear i leith éilimh den sórt sin faoi Airteagail 646 go 653 den Acht i dtaobh an nós imeachta shibhialta (Lov om rettens pleje).
Teideal VI
FORÁLACHA CRÍOCHNAITHEACHA
Airteagal 37
Déanfaidh Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach cóip dheimhnithe de Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus de Phrótacal 1971 sa Fhraincis, sa Ghearmáinis, san Iodáilis agus san Ollainnis a chur chuig Rialtais Ríocht na Danmhairge, na hÉireann agus Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann.
Déanfar téacsanna Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus Phrótacal 1971, arna dtarraingt suas sa Bhéarla, sa Danmhairgis agus sa Ghaeilge, a chur i gceangal leis an gCoinbhinsiún seo. Is téacsanna údarásacha faoi na coinníollacha céanna le téacsanna bunaidh Choinbhinsiún 1968 agus Phrótacal 1971 na téacsanna arna dtarraingt suas sa Bhéarla, sa Danmhairgis agus sa Ghaeilge.
Airteagal 38
Déanfaidh Stáit a shínithe daingniú ar an gCoinbhinsiún seo. Taiscfear na hionstraimí daingniúcháin le hArd-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach.
Airteagal 39
Tiocfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo i bhfeidhm, amhail idir na Stáit a mbeidh daingniú déanta acu air, an chéad lá den tríú mí i ndiaidh thaisceadh na hionstraime daingniúcháin deiridh ag Ballstáit bhunaidh an Chomhphobail agus ag Ballstát nua amháin.
Tiocfaidh sé i bhfeidhm do gach Ballstát nua a dhaingneoidh é dá éis sin an chéad lá den tríú mí i ndiaidh thaisceadh a ionstraime daingniúcháin.
Airteagal 40
Cuirfidh Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach in iúl do Stáit an Choinbhinsiúin seo a shíniú:
(a) taisceadh gach ionstraime daingniúcháin;
(b) dátaí an Choinbhinsiúin seo a theacht i bhfeidhm do na Stáit Chonarthacha.
Airteagal 41
Tarraingíodh an Coinbhinsiún seo suas i scríbhinn bhunaidh amháin sa Bhéarla, sa Danmhairgis, sa Fhraincis, sa Ghaeilge, sa Ghearmáinis, san Iodáilis agus san Ollainnis, agus comhúdarás ag gach ceann de na seacht dtéacs; taiscfear é i gcartlann Rúnaíocht Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, agus cuirfidh an tArd-Rúnaí cóip dheimhnithe chuig Rialtas gach ceann de Stáit a shínithe.
AN CEATHRÚ SCEIDEAL
Teidil V agus VI de Choinbhinsiún Aontachais 1982
Teideal V
FORÁLACHA IDIRTHRÉIMHSEACHA
Airteagal 12
1. Ní bheidh feidhm ag Coinbhinsiún 1968 agus Prótacal 1971, arna leasú le Coinbhinsiún 1978 agus leis an gCoinbhinsiún seo, ach amháin ar imeachtaí dlíthiúla a thionscnófar agus ar ionstraimí barántúla a tharraingeofar suas go foirmiúil nó a chlárófar tar éis an Coinbhinsiún seo a theacht i bhfeidhm sa Stát tionscnaimh agus, i gcás iarratais chun breithiúnas nó ionstraim bharántúil a aithint nó a fhorghníomhú, sa Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas.
2. Déanfar, áfach, breithiúnas a thabharfar tar éis dáta an Choinbhinsiúin seo a theacht i bhfeidhm idir an Stát tionscnaimh agus an Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas in imeachtaí a tionscnaíodh roimh an dáta sin a aithint agus a fhorghníomhú de réir fhorálacha Theideal III de Choinbhinsiún 1968 arna leasú le Coinbhinsiún 1978 agus leis an gCoinbhinsiún seo i gcás an dlínse a bheith bunaithe ar rialacha a bhí i gcomhréir le forálacha Theideal II de Choinbhinsiún 1968, arna leasú, nó le forálacha coinbhinsiún a bhí i bhfeidhm idir an Stát tionscnaimh agus an Stát chun a ndéantar an t-iarratas tráth na n-imeachtaí a thionscnamh.
Teideal VI
FORÁLACHA CRÍOCHNAITHEACHA
Airteagal 13
Déanfaidh Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach cóio dheimhnithe de Choinbhinsiún 1968, de Phrótacal 1971 agus de Choinbhinsiún 1978 sa Bhéarla, sa Danmhairgis, sa Fhraincis, sa Ghaeilge, sa Ghearmáinis, san Iodáilis agus san Ollainnis a chur chuig Rialtas na Poblachta Heilléanaí.
Déanfar téacsanna Choinbhinsiún 1968, Phrótacal 1971 agus Choinbhinsiún 1978, arna dtarraingt suas sa Ghréigis, a chur i gceangal leis an gCoinbhinsiún seo. Is téacsanna údarásacha faoi na coinníollacha céanna le téacsanna eile Choinbhinsiún 1968, Phrótacal 1971 agus Choinbhinsiún 1978 na téacsanna arna dtarraingt suas sa Ghréigis.
Airteagal 14
Déanfaidh Stáit a shínithe daingniú ar an gCoinbhinsiún seo. Taiscfear na hionstraimí daingniúcháin le hArd-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach.
Airteagal 15
Tiocfaidh an Coinbhinsiún seo i bhfeidhm, amhail idir na Stáit a mbeidh sé daingnithe acu, an chéad lá den tríú mí i ndiaidh thaisceadh na hionstraime daingniúcháin deiridh ag an bPoblacht Heilléanach agus ag na Stáit a chuir Coinbhinsiún 1978 i bhfeidhm de réir Airteagal 39 den Choinbhinsiún sin.
Tiocfaidh sé i bhfeidhm do gach Ballstát a dhaingneoidh dá éis sin é an chéad lá den tríú mí i ndiaidh thaisceadh a ionstraime daingniúcháin.
Airteagal 16
Cuirfidh Ard-Rúnaí Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach in iúl do Stáit an Choinbhinsiúin seo a shíniú:
(a) taisceadh gach ionstraime daingniúcháin;
(b) dátaí an Choinbhinsiúin seo a theacht i bhfeidhm do na Stáit Chonarthacha.
Airteagal 17
Tarraingíodh an Coinbhinsiún seo suas i scríbhinn bhunaidh amháin sa Bhéarla, sa Danmhairgis, sa Fhraincis, sa Ghaeilge, sa Ghearmáinis, sa Ghréigis, san Iodáilis agus san Ollainnis, agus comhúdarás ag gach ceann de na hocht dtéacs; taiscfear é i gcartlann Ard-Rúnaíocht Chomhairle na gComhphobal Eorpach, agus cuirfidh an tArd-Rúnaí cóip dheimhnithe de chuig Rialtas gach ceann de Stáit a shínithe.
AN CÚIGIÚ SCEIDEAL
Sainchónaí.
Cuid I
1. An individual is domiciled in the State, or in a state other than a Contracting State if, but only if, he is ordinarily resident in the State or in that other state.
2. An individual is domiciled in a place in the State if, but only if, he is domiciled in the State and is ordinarily resident or carries on any profession, business or occupation in that place.
Cuid II
1. Tá sainchónaí ar dhuine sa Stát nó i stát seachas Stát Conarthach i gcás go bhfuil cónaí air de ghnáth sa Stát nó sa stát eile sin, agus sa chás sin amháin.
2. Tá sainchónaí ar dhuine in áit sa Stát i gcás go bhfuil sainchónaí air sa Stát agus go bhfuil cónaí air de ghnáth, nó gairm, gnó nó slí bheatha á sheoladh aige, san áit sin, agus sa chás sin amháin.
Cuid III
1. A corporation or association has its seat in the State if, but only if—
(a) it was incorporated or formed under the law of the State, or
(b) its central management and control is exercised in the State.
2. A corporation or association has its seat in a particular place in the State if, but only if, it has its seat in the State and—
(a) it has its registered office or some other official address at that place, or
(b) its central management and control is exercised in that place or it is carrying on business in that place.
3. Subject to paragraph 4 of this Part, a corporation or association has its seat in a state other than the State if, but only if—
(a) it was incorporated or formed under the law of that state, or
(b) its central management and control is exercised in that state.
4. A corporation or association shall not be regarded as having its seat in a Contracting State other than the State if—
(a) it has its seat in the State by virtue of paragraph 1 (a) of this Part, or
(b) it is shown that the courts of that other state would not regard it for the purposes of Article 16.2 as having its seat there.
5. In this Part—
“association” means an unincorporated body of persons;
“business” includes any activity carried on by a corporation or association;
“corporation” means a body corporate;
“official address” means, in relation to a corporation or association, an address which it is required by law to register, notify or maintain for the purpose of receiving notices or other communications.
Cuid IV
1. Tá suíomh ag corparáid nó comhlachas sa Stát i gcás—
(a) gur corpraíodh í nó gur foirmíodh é faoi dhlí an Stáit, nó
(b) go bhfuil bainistíocht lárnach agus rialú na corparáide nó an chomhlachais á bhfeidhmiú sa Stát,
agus sa chás sin amháin.
2. Tá suíomh ag corparáid nó comhlachas in áit áirithe sa Stát i gcás go bhfuil a suíomh nó a shuíomh sa Stát agus—
(a) go bhfuil oifig chláraithe nó seoladh éigin eile oifigiúil aici nó aige ag an áit sin, nó
(b) go bhfuil bainistíocht lárnach agus rialú na corparáide nó an chomhlachais á bhfeidhmiú san áit sin nó gnó á sheoladh aici nó aige san áit sin,
agus sa chás sin amháin.
3. Faoi réir mhír 4 den Chuid seo, tá suíomh ag corparáid nó comhlachas i stát seachas an Stát i gcás—
(a) gur corpraíodh í nó gur foirmíodh é faoi dhlí an stáit sin, nó
(b) go bhfuil bainistíocht lárnach agus rialú na corparáide nó an chomhlachais á bhfeidhmiú sa stát sin,
agus sa chás sin amháin.
4. Ní mheasfar suíomh corparáide nó comhlachais a bheith i Stát Conarthach seachas an Stát i gcás—
(a) go bhfuil suíomh ag an gcorparáid nó ag an gcomhlachas sa Stát de bhua mhír 1 (a) den Chuid seo, nó
(b) go dtaispeánfar nach measfadh cúirteanna an stáit eile sin suíomh a bheith ag an gcorparáid nó ag an gcomhlachas ansin chun críocha Airteagal 16.2.
5. Sa Chuid seo—
ciallaíonn “comhlachas” comhlacht neamhchorpraithe daoine;
ciallaíonn “corparáid” comhlacht corpraithe;
folaíonn “gnó” aon ghníomhaíocht atá á seoladh ag corparáid nó comhlachas;
ciallaíonn “seoladh oifigiúil”, i ndáil le corparáid nó comhlachas, seoladh a cheanglaítear uirthi nó air, le dlí, a chlárú, a chur in iúl nó a choimeád chun fógraí nó cumarsáidí eile a fháil.
Cuid V
A trust is domiciled in the State if, but only if, the law of the State is the system of law with which the trust has its closest and most real connection.
Cuid VI
Tá sainchónaí ar iontaobhas sa Stát i gcás gurb é dlí an Stáit an córas dlí is mó a bhfuil dlúthbhaint agus baint dháiríre aige leis, agus sa chás sin amháin.
Number 3 of 1988
JURISDICTION OF COURTS AND ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS (EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES) ACT, 1988
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
Text of the 1968 Convention as amended by the 1978 Accession Convention and the 1982 Accession Convention.
Text of the 1971 Protocol as amended by the 1978 Accession Convention and the 1982 Accession Convention.
Titles V and VI of the 1978 Accession Convention.
Titles V and VI of the 1982 Accession Convention.
Domicile.
Acts Referred to | |
1971, No. 24 | |
Courts (Supplemental Provisions) Acts, 1961 to 1986 | |
1954, No. 18 | |
1940, No. 23 | |
1972, No. 27 | |
1976, No. 27 | |
1930, No. 17 | |
Number 3 of 1988
JURISDICTION OF COURTS AND ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS (EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES) ACT, 1988
Interpretation.
1.—(1) In this Act—
“the 1978 Accession Convention” means the Convention on the accession to the 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol of the State, Denmark and the United Kingdom, signed at Luxembourg on the 9th day of October, 1978;
“the 1982 Accession Convention” means the Convention on the accession to the 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol (as amended in each case by the 1978 Accession Convention) of the Hellenic Republic, signed at Luxembourg on the 25th day of October, 1982;
“Contracting State” means—
(a) one of the original parties to the 1968 Convention (Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), or
(b) one of the parties acceding to the 1968 Convention under the 1978 Accession Convention or the 1982 Accession Convention (the State, Denmark, the United Kingdom and the Hellenic Republic),
being a state in respect of which the 1978 Accession Convention has entered into force in accordance with Article 39 of that Convention or, as may be appropriate, the 1982 Accession Convention has entered into force in accordance with Article 15 of that Convention, and, where the context so allows, “Contracting State” shall be construed so as to enable this Act to have effect as respects the places as respects which the 1968 Convention has effect by virtue of Article 60;
“the 1968 Convention” means the Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (including the Protocol annexed to that Convention), signed at Brussels on the 27th day of September, 1968;
“the Conventions” means the 1968 Convention, the 1971 Protocol, the 1978 Accession Convention and, on and from the commencement of section 3 of this Act, in so far as it relates to the 1982 Accession Convention, the 1982 Accession Convention;
“court” includes a tribunal;
“enforcement order” means—
(a) an order made by the Master of the High Court under section 5 of this Act for the recognition or enforcement of the whole or part of a judgment, or
(b) an order of the High Court for the recognition or enforcement of the whole or part of an instrument or settlement referred to in Title IV of the 1968 Convention,
and includes an enforcement order made or varied on appeal from a decision of the Master of the High Court or a decision of the High Court;
“the European Communities” has the same meaning as in section 1 of the European Communities Act, 1972;
“the European Court” means the Court of Justice of the European Communities;
“judgment”, except in section 2 of this Act but subject to section 6 of this Act, means a judgment or order to which, by virtue of the said section 2, this Act applies;
“maintenance creditor” means, in relation to a maintenance order, the person entitled to the payments for which the order provides;
“maintenance debtor” means, in relation to a maintenance order, the person liable to make payments under the order;
“maintenance order” means, subject to section 6 of this Act, a judgment that is a judgment relating to maintenance (within the meaning of the 1968 Convention) in so far, but only in so far, as it provides for the making of periodic payments;
“the Minister” means the Minister for Justice;
“non-contracting state” means any state, country or territory other than a Contracting State;
“the 1971 Protocol” means the Protocol on the interpretation of the 1968 Convention by the European Court, signed at Luxembourg on the 3rd day of June, 1971.
(2) A document purporting to be a copy of a judgment given by a court of a Contracting State shall, for the purposes of this Act, be regarded as being duly authenticated if it purports—
(a) to bear the seal of that court, or
(b) to be certified by a person in his capacity as a judge or officer of that court to be a true copy of a judgment given by that court.
(3) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires—
(a) references to, or to any provision of, the 1968 Convention or the 1971 Protocol are references to the 1968 Convention, the 1971 Protocol or the provision, as the case may be, as amended by—
(i) the 1978 Accession Convention, and
(ii) after the commencement of section 3 of this Act, in so far as it relates to the 1982 Accession Convention, the 1982 Accession Convention,
(b) any reference to a numbered Article is, unless the context otherwise requires, a reference to the Article so numbered of the 1968 Convention and any reference to a subdivision of a numbered Article shall be construed accordingly.
(4) (a) The Minister for Foreign Affairs may by order declare—
(i) that any state specified in the order is a Contracting State, or
(ii) that a declaration (the text of which shall be set out in the order) has been made pursuant to Article 60 or Article IV, or a communication (the text of which shall be set out in the order) has been made pursuant to Article VI, to the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.
(b) An order that is in force under this subsection shall be evidence—
(i) as respects any declaration under paragraph (a) (i) therein, that any state to which the declaration relates is a Contracting State, and
(ii) as respects any declaration under paragraph (a) (ii) therein, that the declaration pursuant to Article 60 or Article IV, or, as the case may be, the communication pursuant to Article VI, to which the first mentioned declaration relates was made and of its contents.
(c) The Minister for Foreign Affairs may by order amend or revoke an order under this subsection including an order under this paragraph.
Application of Act.
2.—This Act applies to any judgment or order (by whatever name called) that is a judgment for the purposes of the 1968 Convention.
Conventions to have force of law.
3.—(1) The Conventions shall have the force of law in the State and judicial notice shall be taken of them.
(2) For convenience of reference there are set out in the First, Second, Third and Fourth Schedules, respectively, to this Act:
(a) the 1968 Convention, as amended by Titles II and III of the 1978 Accession Convention and Titles II and III of the 1982 Accession Convention,
(b) the 1971 Protocol, as amended by Title IV of the 1978 Accession Convention and Title IV of the 1982 Accession Convention,
(c) Titles V and VI of the 1978 Accession Convention,
(d) Titles V and VI of the 1982 Accession Convention,
being texts prepared from the authentic texts in the English language referred to in Articles 37 and 41 of the 1978 Accession Convention and Article 17 of the 1982 Accession Convention.
Interpretation of Conventions.
4.—(1) Judicial notice shall be taken of—
(a) any ruling or decision of, or expression of opinion by, the European Court on any question as to the meaning or effect of any provision of the Conventions, and
(b) the reports specified in subsection (2) of this section.
(2) The following reports (which are reproduced in the Official Journal of the European Communities), namely—
(a) the reports by Mr. P. Jenard on the 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol1,
(b) the report by Professor Peter Schlosser on the 1978 Accession Convention2, and
(c) the report by Professor Demetrios Evrigenis and Professor K. D. Kerameus on the accession of the Hellenic Republic to the 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol3,
may be considered by any court when interpreting any provision of the Conventions and shall be given such weight as is appropriate in the circumstances.
Applications for recognition and enforcement of Community judgments.
5.—An application under Article 31 for the recognition or enforcement in the State of a judgment shall be made to the Master of the High Court and shall be determined by him by order (including an order for the recognition or enforcement of a judgment in part only) in accordance with the Conventions.
Enforcement of Community judgments (other than maintenance orders).
6.—(1) Subject to section 8 (4) of this Act and to the restriction on enforcement contained in Article 39—
(a) a judgment, other than a maintenance order, in respect of which an enforcement order has been made, shall, to the extent to which the enforcement of the judgment is authorised by the enforcement order, be of the same force and effect, and
(b) for or as respects the enforcement of the judgment, the High Court shall have the same powers, and proceedings may be taken,
as if the judgment was a judgment of the High Court.
(2) (a) The Master of the High Court may, on application to him in that behalf by the maintenance creditor, by order declare that sums which were payable under an enforceable maintenance order, but were not paid, before the date of the making of the relevant enforcement order shall be regarded as being payable under a judgment referred to in subsection (1) of this section.
(b) The Master of the High Court shall not make a declaration under paragraph (a) of this subsection unless he considers that by so doing the enforceable maintenance order concerned would be more effectively enforced as respects the sums concerned.
(c) Whenever the Master of the High Court makes a declaration under paragraph (a) of this subsection, the sums to which it relates shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Act, to be payable under a judgment referred to in the said subsection (1) and not otherwise.
(3) In this section “judgment” includes an instrument or settlement referred to in Title IV of the 1968 Convention.
Enforcement of Community maintenance orders.
7.—(1) In this section “enforceable maintenance order” means—
(a) a maintenance order as regards the enforcement of the whole of which an enforcement order has been made, or
(b) in case an enforcement order has been made for the enforcement of a maintenance order in part only, the maintenance order to the extent to which it is so ordered to be enforced.
(2) (a) Subject to section 8 (4) of this Act and to the restriction on enforcement contained in Article 39, the District Court shall have jurisdiction to enforce an enforceable maintenance order and—
(i) for that purpose,
(ii) for the purposes of section 98 (1) of the Defence Act, 1954, and
(iii) subject to the 1968 Convention, for the purpose of the variation or revocation of such an order under section 5 of the Illegitimate Children (Affiliation Orders) Act, 1930, or section 6 of the Family Law (Maintenance of Spouses and Children) Act, 1976,
such an order shall, from the date on which the maintenance order was made, be deemed to be an order made by the District Court under section 3 of the said Illegitimate Children (Affiliation Orders) Act, 1930, or section 5 of the said Family Law (Maintenance of Spouses and Children) Act, 1976, as may be appropriate.
(b) Paragraph (a) of this subsection shall have effect notwithstanding that any amount payable under the order concerned exceeds the maximum amount which the District Court has jurisdiction to award under the appropriate enactment mentioned in that paragraph.
(3) Where an enforceable maintenance order is varied by a court in a Contracting State other than the State and an enforcement order has been made as regards the whole or part of the enforceable maintenance order as so varied or as regards the whole or part of the order effecting the variation, as the case may be, the enforceable maintenance order shall, from the date on which the variation takes effect, be enforceable in the State only as so varied.
(4) Where an enforceable maintenance order is revoked by a court in a Contracting State other than the State and an enforcement order has been made as regards the order effecting the revocation, the enforceable maintenance order shall, from the date on which the revocation takes effect, cease to be enforceable in the State except in relation to any sums under the order which were payable, but were not paid, on or before that date.
(5) In the case of an enforceable maintenance order—
(a) any sums which were payable thereunder, but were not paid, before the date of the making of the relevant enforcement order, and
(b) any costs of or incidental to the application for the said enforcement order payable by virtue of section 8 (2) of this Act,
shall, subject to section 6 (2) of this Act, be regarded as being payable by virtue of an order made under section 3 of the Illegitimate Children (Affiliation Orders) Act, 1930, or section 5 of the Family Law (Maintenance of Spouses and Children) Act, 1976, as may be appropriate.
(6) The jurisdiction vested in the District Court by this section shall be exercised by the justice of the District Court for the time being assigned to the district court district in which the maintenance debtor under the enforceable maintenance order concerned resides.
(7) (a) Any sum payable by virtue of an enforceable maintenance order shall, notwithstanding anything to the contrary therein, be paid by the maintenance debtor concerned to the court clerk for the district court area in which the maintenance debtor for the time being resides for transmission to the maintenance creditor or, where a public authority has been authorised by the maintenance creditor to receive such sum, to that authority.
(b) If any sum payable by virtue of an enforceable maintenance order is not duly paid and if the maintenance creditor concerned so requests in writing, the district court clerk concerned shall make an application under section 10 (which relates to the attachment of certain earnings) of the Family Law (Maintenance of Spouses and Children) Act, 1976, or section 8 (which relates to the enforcement of certain maintenance orders) of the Enforcement of Court Orders Act, 1940, in respect of the sum and, for that purpose, the references in the said section 8 (other than subsections (4) and (5)) to the applicant shall be construed as references to the district court clerk.
(c) Nothing in this subsection shall affect the right of a maintenance creditor to institute proceedings for the recovery of any sum payable to a district court clerk under paragraph (a) of this subsection.
(8) Section 8 (7) of the Enforcement of Court Orders Act, 1940, shall not apply to proceedings for the enforcement of an enforceable maintenance order.
(9) A maintenance debtor under an enforceable maintenance order shall give notice to the district court clerk for the district court area in which he has been residing of any change of his address and, if he fails without reasonable cause to do so, he shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £500.
(10) In this section a reference to a district court clerk shall, where there are two or more district court clerks for the district court area concerned, be construed as a reference to any of those clerks.
(11) For the purposes of this section, the Dublin Metropolitan District shall be deemed to be a district court area.
Provisions in enforcement orders for payment of interest on judgments and payment of costs.
8.—(1) Where, on an application for an enforcement order, it is shown—
(a) that the relevant judgment provides for the payment of a sum of money, and
(b) that, in accordance with the law of the Contracting State in which the judgment was given, interest on that sum is recoverable under the judgment at a particular rate or rates and from a particular date or time,
the order, if made, shall provide that the person by whom the sum aforesaid is payable shall also be liable to pay the interest aforesaid, apart from any interest on costs recoverable by virtue of subsection (2) of this section, in accordance with the particulars noted in the order, and the amount of the interest shall be recoverable by the applicant concerned as if it was part of the sum aforesaid.
(2) An enforcement order may, at the discretion of the court concerned or the Master of the High Court, as may be appropriate, provide for the payment to the applicant concerned by the respondent concerned of the reasonable costs of or incidental to the application for the order.
(3) A person by whom costs recoverable by virtue of subsection (2) of this section are payable shall be liable to pay interest on the costs as if they were the subject of an order for the payment of costs made by the High Court on the date of the making of the relevant enforcement order.
(4) Interest shall be payable on a sum referred to in subsection (1) of this section only as provided for by this section.
Currency of payments under Community maintenance orders.
9.—(1) An amount payable in the State under a maintenance order by virtue of an enforcement order shall be paid in the currency of the State and, if the amount is stated in the maintenance order in a currency other than the currency of the State, the payment shall be made on the basis of the exchange rate prevailing, on the date of the making of the enforcement order, between that currency and the currency of the State.
(2) For the purposes of this section, a certificate purporting to be signed by an officer of a bank in the State and to state the exchange rate prevailing on a specified date between a specified currency and the currency of the State shall be admissible as evidence of the facts stated in the certificate.
(3) In this section “bank” means the holder of a banker's licence within the meaning of the Central Bank Act, 1971.
Proof and admissibility of certain judgments and related translations and documents.
10.—(1) For the purposes of the Conventions—
(a) a document, duly authenticated, which purports to be a copy of a judgment given by a court of a Contracting State other than the State shall without further proof be deemed to be a true copy of the judgment, unless the contrary is shown; and
(b) the original or a copy of any such document as is mentioned in Article 46.2 or 47 shall be admissible as evidence of any matter to which it relates.
(2) A document which—
(a) purports to be a translation of a judgment given by a court of a Contracting State other than the State or of a document mentioned in Article 46.2, 47 or 50 or containing a settlement referred to in Article 51, and
(b) is certified as correct by a person competent to do so,
shall be admissible as evidence of the translation.
Provisional, including protective, measures.
11.—(1) Where—
(a) proceedings have been commenced or are to be commenced in a Contracting State other than the State, and
(b) they are or will be proceedings whose subject-matter is within the scope of the 1968 Convention as determined by Article 1 (whether or not the 1968 Convention has effect in relation to the proceedings),
the High Court may, on application to it pursuant to Article 24, grant provisional, including protective, measures of any kind that the Court has power to grant in proceedings that, apart from this Act, are within its jurisdiction.
(2) On an application under subsection (1) of this section, the High Court may refuse to grant the measures sought if, in the opinion of that Court, the fact that that Court has not jurisdiction, apart from this section, in relation to the subject-matter of the proceedings in question makes it inexpedient for that Court to grant such measures.
(3) Subject to Article 39, an application to the Master of the High Court for the enforcement of a judgment and an application to the High Court for the enforcement of an instrument or settlement referred to in Title IV of the 1968 Convention may include an application for the granting of such protective measures as the High Court has power to grant in proceedings that, apart from this Act, are within its jurisdiction and, where an enforcement order is made in relation to a judgment or such an instrument or settlement, the order shall include a provision granting any such protective measures as aforesaid as are applied for as aforesaid.
Provision of certain documents by courts in the State to interested parties.
12.—As respects a judgment given by a court in the State, the registrar or clerk of the court shall, at the request of an interested party and subject to any conditions that may be specified by rules of court, give to the interested party—
(a) a copy of the judgment duly authenticated,
(b) a certificate signed by the registrar or clerk of the court stating—
(i) the nature of the proceedings,
(ii) the grounds, pursuant to the 1968 Convention, on which the court assumed jurisdiction,
(iii) the date on which the time for the lodging of an appeal against the judgment will expire or, if it has expired, the date on which it expired,
(iv) whether notice of appeal against, or, in any case where the defendant does not appear, a notice to set aside, the judgment has been entered,
(v) where the judgment is for the payment of a sum of money, the rate of interest, if any, payable on the sum and the date from which interest is payable, and
(vi) such other particulars (if any) as may be specified by rules of court,
and
(c) in case the judgment was given in default of appearance, the original or a copy, certified by the registrar or clerk of the court to be a true copy, of a document establishing that notice of the institution of proceedings was served on the person in default.
Domicile for purposes of 1968 Convention and Act.
13.—(1) Subject to Article 52, Part I of the Fifth Schedule to this Act shall apply in relation to the text in the English language of the 1968 Convention, and Part II of the said Fifth Schedule shall apply in relation to the text in the Irish language of the 1968 Convention, in order to determine for the purposes of the 1968 Convention and this Act whether an individual is domiciled in the State, in a place in the State or in a state other than a Contracting State.
(2) The seat of a corporation or association shall be treated as its domicile, and Part III of the said Fifth Schedule shall apply in relation to the text in the English language of the 1968 Convention, and Part IV of the said Fifth Schedule shall apply in relation to the text in the Irish language of the 1968 Convention, in order to determine for the purposes of Article 53 of the 1968 Convention and this Act whether a corporation or association has its seat in the State, in a place in the State or in a state other than the State.
(3) Part V of the said Fifth Schedule shall apply in relation to the text in the English language of the 1968 Convention, and Part VI of the said Fifth Schedule shall apply in relation to the text in the Irish language of the 1968 Convention, in order to determine for the purposes of the 1968 Convention and this Act whether a trust is domiciled in the State.
(4) In this section—
“association” means an unincorporated body of persons;
“corporation” means a body corporate.
Venue for certain proceedings instituted in Circuit Court or District Court by virtue of this Act.
14.—(1) Subject to Title II of the Convention, the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court as respects proceedings that may be instituted in the State by virtue of Article 2, 8.1, 11 or 14 shall, where, apart from this subsection, that jurisdiction would be determined by reference to the place where the defendant or one of the defendants resides or carries on business, be exercised by the judge of the Circuit Court for the time being assigned to the circuit where the defendant or one of the defendants ordinarily resides or carries on any profession, business or occupation.
(2) The jurisdiction of the Circuit Court and the District Court as respects proceedings that may be instituted in the State by virtue of Article 14 by a plaintiff domiciled in the State may be exercised as follows:
(i) in the case of the Circuit Court, by the judge of the Circuit Court for the time being assigned to the circuit where the plaintiff or one of the plaintiffs ordinarily resides or carries on any profession, business or occupation, or
(ii) in the case of the District Court, by the justice of the District Court for the time being assigned to the district court district in which the plaintiff or one of the plaintiffs ordinarily resides or carries on any profession, business or occupation.
Short title, construction and commencement.
15.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Jurisdiction of Courts and Enforcement of Judgments (European Communities) Act, 1988.
(2) The Courts (Supplemental Provisions) Acts, 1961 to 1986, and sections 5 to 8, and 11, 12 and 14 of this Act shall be construed together as one.
(3) (a) This Act, other than section 3 in so far as it relates to the 1982 Accession Convention, shall come into operation on such day or days as the Minister shall fix by order or orders either generally or with reference to any particular purpose or provision and different days may be so fixed for different purposes and different provisions.
(b) Section 3 of this Act shall, in so far as it relates to the 1982 Accession Convention, come into operation on such day or days as the Minister shall fix by order or orders either generally or with reference to any particular purpose or provision and different days may be so fixed for different purposes and different provisions and any day so fixed may be the same day as a day fixed under paragraph (a) of this subsection or a different day.
FIRST SCHEDULE
Text of the 1968 Convention as amended by the 1978 Accession Convention and the 1982 Accession Convention.
CONVENTION
on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters
PREAMBLE
THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY,
Desiring to implement the provisions of Article 220 of that Treaty by virtue of which they undertook to secure the simplification of formalities governing the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts or tribunals;
Anxious to strengthen in the Community the legal protection of persons therein established;
Considering that it is necessary for this purpose to determine the international jurisdiction of their courts, to facilitate recognition and to introduce an expeditious procedure for securing the enforcement of judgments, authentic instruments and court settlements;
Have decided to conclude this Convention and to this end have designated as their Plenipotentiaries:
(Designations of Plenipotentiaries of the original six Contracting States)
WHO, meeting within the Council, having exchanged their Full Powers, found in good and due form,
HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
TITLE I
SCOPE
Article 1
This Convention shall apply in civil and commercial matters whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. It shall not extend, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters.
The Convention shall not apply to:
1. the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship, wills and succession;
2. bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions and analogous proceedings;
3. social security;
4. arbitration.
TITLE II
JURISDICTION
SECTION 1
General provisions
Article 2
Subject to the provisions of this Convention, persons domiciled in a Contracting State shall, whatever their nationality, be sued in the courts of that State.
Persons who are not nationals of the State in which they are domiciled shall be governed by the rules of jurisdiction applicable to nationals of that State.
Article 3
Persons domiciled in a Contracting State may be sued in the courts of another Contracting State only by virtue of the rules set out in Sections 2 to 6 of this Title.
In particular the following provisions shall not be applicable as against them:
—in Belgium: Article 15 of the civil code (Code civil—Burgerlijk Wetboek) and Article 638 of the judicial code (Code judiciaire—Gerechtelijk Wetboek);
—in Denmark: Article 248 (2) of the law on civil procedure (Lov om rettens pleje) and Chapter 3, Article 3 of the Greenland law on civil procedure (Lov for Grønland om rettens pleje);
—in the Federal Republic of Germany: Article 23 of the code of civil procedure (Zivilproze[html]ordnung);
—in Greece: Article 40 of the code of civil procedure (Κώδιχας Πολιτιχής Διχονομ[html]ας);
—in France: Articles 14 and 15 of the civil code (Code civil);
—in Ireland: the rules which enable jurisdiction to be founded on the document instituting the proceedings having been served on the defendant during his temporary presence in Ireland;
—in Italy: Article 2 and Article 4, Nos 1 and 2 of the code of civil procedure (Codice di procedura civile);
—in Luxembourg: Articles 14 and 15 of the civil code (Code civil);
—in the Netherlands: Articles 126 (3) and 127 of the code of civil procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering);
—in the United Kingdom: the rules which enable jurisdiction to be founded on:
(a) the document instituting the proceedings having been served on the defendant during his temporary presence in the United Kingdom; or
(b) the presence within the United Kingdom of property belonging to the defendant; or
(c) the seizure by the plaintiff of property situated in the United Kingdom.
Article 4
If the defendant is not domiciled in a Contracting State, the jurisdiction of the courts of each Contracting State shall, subject to the provisions of Article 16, be determined by the law of that State.
As against such a defendant, any person domiciled in a Contracting State may, whatever his nationality, avail himself in that State of the rules of jurisdiction there in force, and in particular those specified in the second paragraph of Article 3, in the same way as the nationals of that State.
SECTION 2
Special jurisdiction
Article 5
A person domiciled in a Contracting State may, in another Contracting State, be sued:
1. in matters relating to a contract, in the courts for the place of performance of the obligation in question;
2. in matters relating to maintenance, in the courts for the place where the maintenance creditor is domiciled or habitually resident or, if the matter is ancillary to proceedings concerning the status of a person, in the court which, according to its own law, has jurisdiction to entertain those proceedings, unless that jurisdiction is based solely on the nationality of one of the parties;
3. in matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict, in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred;
4. as regards a civil claim for damages or restitution which is based on an act giving rise to criminal proceedings, in the court seised of those proceedings, to the extent that that court has jurisdiction under its own law to entertain civil proceedings;
5. as regards a dispute arising out of the operations of a branch, agency or other establishment, in the courts for the place in which the branch, agency or other establishment is situated;
6. in his capacity as settlor, trustee or beneficiary of a trust created by the operation of a statute, or by a written instrument, or created orally and evidenced in writing, in the courts of the Contracting State in which the trust is domiciled;
7. as regards a dispute concerning the payment of remuneration claimed in respect of the salvage of a cargo or freight, in the court under the authority of which the cargo or freight in question
(a) has been arrested to secure such payment, or
(b) could have been so arrested, but bail or other security has been given;
provided that this provision shall apply only if it is claimed that the defendant has an interest in the cargo or freight or had such an interest at the time of salvage.
Article 6
A person domiciled in a Contracting State may also be sued:
1. where he is one of a number of defendants, in the courts for the place where any one of them is domiciled;
2. as a third party in an action on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third party proceedings, in the court seised of the original proceedings, unless these were instituted solely with the object of removing him from the jurisdiction of the court which would be competent in his case;
3. on a counter-claim arising from the same contract or facts on which the original claim was based, in the court in which the original claim is pending.
Article 6a
Where by virtue of this Convention a court of a Contracting State has jurisdiction in actions relating to liability arising from the use or operation of a ship, that court, or any other court substituted for this purpose by the internal law of that State, shall also have jurisdiction over claims for limitation of such liability.
SECTION 3
Jurisdiction in matters relating to insurance
Article 7
In matters relating to insurance, jurisdiction shall be determined by this Section without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 4 and 5.5.
Article 8
An insurer domiciled in a Contracting State may be sued:
1. in the courts of the State where he is domiciled, or
2. in another Contracting State, in the courts for the place where the policy-holder is domiciled, or
3. if he is a co-insurer, in the courts of a Contracting State in which proceedings are brought against the leading insurer.
An insurer who is not domiciled in a Contracting State but has a branch, agency or other establishment in one of the Contracting States shall, in disputes arising out of the operations of the branch, agency or establishment, be deemed to be domiciled in that State.
Article 9
In respect of liability insurance or insurance of immovable property, the insurer may in addition be sued in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred. The same applies if movable and immovable property are covered by the same insurance policy and both are adversely affected by the same contingency.
Article 10
In respect of liability insurance, the insurer may also, if the law of the court permits it, be joined in proceedings which the injured party has brought against the insured.
The provisions of Articles 7, 8 and 9 shall apply to actions brought by the injured party directly against the insurer, where such direct actions are permitted.
If the law governing such direct actions provides that the policy-holder or the insured may be joined as a party to the action, the same court shall have jurisdiction over them.
Article 11
Without prejudice to the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 10, an insurer may bring proceedings only in the courts of the Contracting State in which the defendant is domiciled, irrespective of whether he is the policy-holder, the insured or a beneficiary.
The provisions of this Section shall not affect the right to bring a counterclaim in the court in which, in accordance with this Section, the original claim is pending.
Article 12
The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an agreement on jurisdiction:
1. which is entered into after the dispute has arisen, or
2. which allows the policy-holder, the insured or a beneficiary to bring proceedings in courts other than those indicated in this Section, or
3. which is concluded between a policy-holder and an insurer, both of whom are at the time of conclusion of the contract domiciled or habitually resident in the same Contracting State, and which has the effect of conferring jurisdiction on the courts of that State even if the harmful event were to occur abroad, provided that such an agreement is not contrary to the law of that State, or
4. which is concluded with a policy-holder who is not domiciled in a Contracting State, except in so far as the insurance is compulsory or relates to immovable property in a Contracting State, or
5. which relates to a contract of insurance in so far as it covers one or more of the risks set out in Article 12a.
Article 12a
The following are the risks referred to in Article 12.5:
1. Any loss of or damage to
(a) sea-going ships, installations situated offshore or on the high seas, or aircraft, arising from perils which relate to their use for commercial purposes,
(b) goods in transit other than passengers' baggage where the transit consists of or includes carriage by such ships or aircraft;
2. Any liability, other than for bodily injury to passengers or loss of or damage to their baggage,
(a) arising out of the use or operation of ships, installations or aircraft as referred to in 1. (a) above in so far as the law of the Contracting State in which such aircraft are registered does not prohibit agreements on jurisdiction regarding insurance of such risks,
(b) for loss or damage caused by goods in transit as described in 1. (b) above;
3. Any financial loss connected with the use or operation of ships, installations or aircraft as referred to in 1. (a) above, in particular loss of freight or charter-hire;
4. Any risk or interest connected with any of those referred to in 1. to 3. above.
SECTION 4
Jurisdiction over consumer contracts
Article 13
In proceedings concerning a contract concluded by a person for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, hereinafter called “the consumer”, jurisdiction shall be determined by this Section, without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 4 and 5.5, if it is:
1. a contract for the sale of goods on instalment credit terms, or
2. a contract for a loan repayable by instalments, or for any other form of credit, made to finance the sale of goods, or
3. any other contract for the supply of goods or a contract for the supply of services, and
(a) in the State of the consumer's domicile the conclusion of the contract was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to him or by advertising, and
(b) the consumer took in that State the steps necessary for the conclusion of the contract.
Where a consumer enters into a contract with a party who is not domiciled in a Contracting State but has a branch, agency or other establishment in one of the Contracting States, that party shall, in disputes arising out of the operations of the branch, agency or establishment, be deemed to be domiciled in that State.
This Section shall not apply to contracts of transport.
Article 14
A consumer may bring proceedings against the other party to a contract either in the courts of the Contracting State in which that party is domiciled or in the courts of the Contracting State in which he is himself domiciled.
Proceedings may be brought against a consumer by the other party to the contract only in the courts of the Contracting State in which the consumer is domiciled.
These provisions shall not affect the right to bring a counter-claim in the court in which, in accordance with this Section, the original claim is pending.
Article 15
The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an agreement:
1. which is entered into after the dispute has arisen, or
2. which allows the consumer to bring proceedings in courts other than those indicated in this Section, or
3. which is entered into by the consumer and the other party to the contract, both of whom are at the time of conclusion of the contract domiciled or habitually resident in the same Contracting State, and which confers jurisdiction on the courts of that State, provided that such an agreement is not contrary to the law of that State.
SECTION 5
Exclusive jurisdiction
Article 16
The following courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction, regardless of domicile:
1. in proceedings which have as their object rights in rem in, or tenancies of, immovable property, the courts of the Contracting State in which the property is situated;
2. in proceedings which have as their object the validity of the constitution, the nullity or the dissolution of companies or other legal persons or associations of natural or legal persons, or the decisions of their organs, the courts of the Contracting State in which the company, legal person or association has its seat;
3. in proceedings which have as their object the validity of entries in public registers, the courts of the Contracting State in which the register is kept;
4. in proceedings concerned with the registration or validity of patents, trade marks, designs, or other similar rights required to be deposited or registered, the courts of the Contracting State in which the deposit or registration has been applied for, has taken place or is under the terms of an international convention deemed to have taken place;
5. in proceedings concerned with the enforcement of judgments, the courts of the Contracting State in which the judgment has been or is to be enforced.
SECTION 6
Prorogation of jurisdiction
Article 17
If the parties, one or more of whom is domiciled in a Contracting State, have agreed that a court or the courts of a Contracting State are to have jurisdiction to settle any disputes which have arisen or which may arise in connection with a particular legal relationship, that court or those courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction. Such an agreement conferring jurisdiction shall be either in writing or evidenced in writing or, in international trade or commerce, in a form which accords with practices in that trade or commerce of which the parties are or ought to have been aware. Where such an agreement is concluded by parties, none of whom is domiciled in a Contracting State, the courts of other Contracting States shall have no jurisdiction over their disputes unless the court or courts chosen have declined jurisdiction.
The court or courts of a Contracting State on which a trust instrument has conferred jurisdiction shall have exclusive jurisdiction in any proceedings brought against a settlor, trustee or beneficiary, if relations between these persons or their rights or obligations under the trust are involved.
Agreements or provisions of a trust instrument conferring jurisdiction shall have no legal force if they are contrary to the provisions of Articles 12 or 15, or if the courts whose jurisdiction they purport to exclude have exclusive jurisdiction by virtue of Article 16.
If an agreement conferring jurisdiction was concluded for the benefit of only one of the parties, that party shall retain the right to bring proceedings in any other court which has jurisdiction by virtue of this Convention.
Article 18
Apart from jurisdiction derived from other provisions of this Convention, a court of a Contracting State before whom a defendant enters an appearance shall have jurisdiction. This rule shall not apply where appearance was entered solely to contest the jurisdiction, or where another court has exclusive jurisdiction by virtue of Article 16.
SECTION 7
Examination as to jurisdiction and admissibility
Article 19
Where a court of a Contracting State is seised of a claim which is principally concerned with a matter over which the courts of another Contracting State have exclusive jurisdiction by virtue of Article 16, it shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction.
Article 20
Where a defendant domiciled in one Contracting State is sued in a court of another Contracting State and does not enter an appearance, the court shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction unless its jurisdiction is derived from the provisions of this Convention.
The court shall stay the proceedings so long as it is not shown that the defendant has been able to receive the document instituting the proceedings or an equivalent document in sufficient time to enable him to arrange for his defence, or that all necessary steps have been taken to this end.
The provisions of the foregoing paragraph shall be replaced by those of Article 15 of the Hague Convention of 15th November, 1965 on the service abroad of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters, if the document instituting the proceedings or notice thereof had to be transmitted abroad in accordance with that Convention.
SECTION 8
Lis Pendens—related actions
Article 21
Where proceedings involving the same cause of action and between the same parties are brought in the courts of different Contracting States, any court other than the court first seised shall of its own motion decline jurisdiction in favour of that court.
A court which would be required to decline jurisdiction may stay its proceedings if the jurisdiction of the other court is contested.
Article 22
Where related actions are brought in the courts of different Contracting States, any court other than the court first seised may, while the actions are pending at first instance, stay its proceedings.
A court other than the court first seised may also, on the application of one of the parties, decline jurisdiction if the law of that court permits the consolidation of related actions and the court first seised has jurisdiction over both actions.
For the purposes of this Article, actions are deemed to be related where they are so closely connected that it is expedient to hear and determine them together to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings.
Article 23
Where actions come within the exclusive jurisdiction of several courts, any court other than the court first seised shall decline jurisdiction in favour of that court.
SECTION 9
Provisional, including protective, measures
Article 24
Application may be made to the courts of a Contracting State for such provisional, including protective, measures as may be available under the law of that State, even if, under this Convention, the courts of another Contracting State have jurisdiction as to the substance of the matter.
Title III
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article 25
For the purposes of this Convention, “judgment” means any judgment given by a court or tribunal of a Contracting State, whatever the judgment may be called, including a decree, order, decision or writ of execution, as well as the determination of costs or expenses by an officer of the court.
SECTION 1
Recognition
Article 26
A judgment given in a Contracting State shall be recognised in the other Contracting States without any special procedure being required.
Any interested party who raises the recognition of a judgment as the principal issue in a dispute may, in accordance with the procedures provided for in Sections 2 and 3 of this Title, apply for a decision that the judgment be recognised.
If the outcome of proceedings in a court of a Contracting State depends on the determination of an incidental question of recognition that court shall have jurisdiction over that question.
Article 27
A judgment shall not be recognised:
1. if such recognition is contrary to public policy in the State in which recognition is sought;
2. where it was given in default of appearance, if the defendant was not duly served with the document which instituted the proceedings or with an equivalent document in sufficient time to enable him to arrange for his defence;
3. if the judgment is irreconcilable with a judgment given in a dispute between the same parties in the State in which recognition is sought;
4. if the court of the State in which the judgment was given, in order to arrive at its judgment, has decided a preliminary question concerning the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship, wills or succession in a way that conflicts with a rule of the private international law of the State in which the recognition is sought, unless the same result would have been reached by the application of the rules of private international law of that State;
5. if the judgment is irreconcilable with an earlier judgment given in a non-Contracting State involving the same cause of action and between the same parties, provided that this latter judgment fulfils the conditions necessary for its recognition in the State addressed.
Article 28
Moreover, a judgment shall not be recognised if it conflicts with the provisions of Sections 3, 4 or 5 of Title II, or in a case provided for in Article 59.
In its examination of the grounds of jurisdiction referred to in the foregoing paragraph, the court or authority applied to shall be bound by the findings of fact on which the court of the State in which the judgment was given based its jurisdiction.
Subject to the provisions of the first paragraph, the jurisdiction of the court of the State in which the judgment was given may not be reviewed; the test of public policy referred to in Article 27.1 may not be applied to the rules relating to jurisdiction.
Article 29
Under no circumstances may a foreign judgment be reviewed as to its substance.
Article 30
A court of a Contracting State in which recognition is sought of a judgment given in another Contracting State may stay the proceedings if an ordinary appeal against the judgment has been lodged.
A court of a Contracting State in which recognition is sought of a judgment given in Ireland or the United Kingdom may stay the proceedings if enforcement is suspended in the State in which the judgment was given by reason of an appeal.
SECTION 2
Enforcement
Article 31
A judgment given in a Contracting State and enforceable in that State shall be enforced in another Contracting State when, on the application of any interested party, the order for its enforcement has been issued there.
However, in the United Kingdom, such a judgment shall be enforced in England and Wales, in Scotland, or in Northern Ireland, when on the application of any interested party, it has been registered for enforcement in that part of the United Kingdom.
Article 32
The application shall be submitted:
—in Belgium, to the tribunal de première instance or rechtbank van eerste aanleg;
—in Denmark, to the underret;
—in the Federal Republic of Germany, to the presiding judge of a chamber of the Landgericht;
—in Greece, to the Moνoμελέζ [html]ρωτoδιχείo;
—in France, to the presiding judge of the tribunal de grande instance;
—in Ireland, to the High Court;
—in Italy, to the corte d'appello;
—in Luxembourg, to the presiding judge of the tribunal d'arrondissement;
—in the Netherlands, to the presiding judge of the arrondissementsrechtbank;
—in the United Kingdom:
1. in England and Wales, to the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates' Court on transmission by the Secretary of State;
2. in Scotland, to the Court of Session, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Sheriff Court on transmission by the Secretary of State;
3. in Northern Ireland, to the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates' Court on transmission by the Secretary of State.
The jurisdiction of local courts shall be determined by reference to the place of domicile of the party against whom enforcement is sought. If he is not domiciled in the State in which enforcement is sought, it shall be determined by reference to the place of enforcement.
Article 33
The procedure for making the application shall be governed by the law of the State in which enforcement is sought.
The applicant must give an address for service of process within the area of jurisdiction of the court applied to. However, if the law of the State in which enforcement is sought does not provide for the furnishing of such an address, the applicant shall appoint a representative ad litem.
The documents referred to in Articles 46 and 47 shall be attached to the application.
Article 34
The court applied to shall give its decision without delay; the party against whom enforcement is sought shall not at this stage of the proceedings be entitled to make any submissions on the application.
The application may be refused only for one of the reasons specified in Articles 27 and 28.
Under no circumstances may the foreign judgment be reviewed as to its substance.
Article 35
The appropriate officer of the court shall without delay bring the decision given on the application to the notice of the applicant in accordance with the procedure laid down by the law of the State in which enforcement is sought.
Article 36
If enforcement is authorized, the party against whom enforcement is sought may appeal against the decision within one month of service thereof.
If that party is domiciled in a Contracting State other than that in which the decision authorizing enforcement was given, the time for appealing shall be two months and shall run from the date of service, either on him in person or at his residence. No extension of time may be granted on account of distance.
Article 37
An appeal against the decision authorizing enforcement shall be lodged in accordance with the rules governing procedure in contentious matters:
—in Belgium, with the tribunal de première instance or rechtbank van eerste aanleg;
—in Denmark, with the landsret;
—in the Federal Republic of Germany, with the Oberlandesgericht;
—in Greece, with the Eφετείo;
—in France, with the cour d'appel;
—in Ireland, with the High Court;
—in Italy, with the corte d'appello;
—in Luxembourg, with the Cour supérieure de justice sitting as a court of civil appeal;
—in the Netherlands, with the arrondissementsrechtbank;
—in the United Kingdom:
1. in England and Wales, with the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment with the Magistrates' Court;
2. in Scotland, with the Court of Session, or in the case of a maintenance judgment with the Sheriff Court;
3. in Northern Ireland, with the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment with the Magistrates' Court.
The judgment given on the appeal may be contested only:
—in Belgium, Greece, France, Italy, Luxembourg and in the Netherlands, by an appeal in cassation;
—in Denmark, by an appeal to the højesteret, with the leave of the Minister of Justice;
—in the Federal Republic of Germany, by a Rechtsbeschwerde;
—in Ireland, by an appeal on a point of law to the Supreme Court;
—in the United Kingdom, by a single further appeal on a point of law.
Article 38
The court with which the appeal under the first paragraph of Article 37 is lodged may, on the application of the appellant, stay the proceedings if an ordinary appeal has been lodged against the judgment in the State in which that judgment was given or if the time for such an appeal has not yet expired; in the latter case, the court may specify the time within which such an appeal is to be lodged.
Where the judgment was given in Ireland or the United Kingdom, any form of appeal available in the State in which it was given shall be treated as an ordinary appeal for the purposes of the first paragraph.
The court may also make enforcement conditional on the provision of such security as it shall determine.
Article 39
During the time specified for an appeal pursuant to Article 36 and until any such appeal has been determined, no measures of enforcement may be taken other than protective measures taken against the property of the party against whom enforcement is sought.
The decision authorizing enforcement shall carry with it the power to proceed to any such protective measures.
Article 40
If the application for enforcement is refused, the applicant may appeal:
—in Belgium, to the cour d'appel or hof van beroep;
—in Denmark, to the landsret;
—in the Federal Republic of Germany, to the Oberlandesgericht;
—in Greece, to the Eφετείo;
—in France, to the cour d'appel;
—in Ireland, to the High Court;
—in Italy, to the corte d'appello;
—in Luxembourg, to the Cour supérieure de justice sitting as a court of civil appeal;
—in the Netherlands, to the gerechtshof;
—in the United Kingdom:
1. in England and Wales, to the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates' Court;
2. in Scotland, to the Court of Session, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Sheriff Court;
3. in Northern Ireland, to the High Court of Justice, or in the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates' Court.
The party against whom enforcement is sought shall be summoned to appear before the appellate court. If he fails to appear, the provisions of the second and third paragraphs of Article 20 shall apply even where he is not domiciled in any of the Contracting States.
Article 41
A judgment given on an appeal provided for in Article 40 may be contested only:
—in Belgium, Greece, France, Italy, Luxembourg and in the Netherlands, by an appeal in cassation;
—in Denmark, by an appeal to the højesteret, with the leave of the Minister of Justice;
—in the Federal Republic of Germany, by a Rechtsbeschwerde;
—in Ireland, by an appeal on a point of law to the Supreme Court;
—in the United Kingdom, by a single further appeal on a point of law.
Article 42
Where a foreign judgment has been given in respect of several matters and enforcement cannot be authorized for all of them, the court shall authorize enforcement for one or more of them.
An applicant may request partial enforcement of a judgment.
Article 43
A foreign judgment which orders a periodic payment by way of a penalty shall be enforceable in the State in which enforcement is sought only if the amount of the payment has been finally determined by the courts of the State in which the judgment was given.
Article 44
An applicant who, in the State in which the judgment was given, has benefited from complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses, shall be entitled, in the procedures provided for in Articles 32 to 35, to benefit from the most favourable legal aid or the most extensive exemption from costs or expenses provided for by the law of the State addressed.
An applicant who requests the enforcement of a decision given by an administrative authority in Denmark in respect of a maintenance order may, in the State addressed, claim the benefits referred to in the first paragraph if he presents a statement from the Danish Ministry of Justice to the effect that he fulfils the economic requirements to qualify for the grant of complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses.
Article 45
No security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be required of a party who in one Contracting State applies for enforcement of a judgment given in another Contracting State on the ground that he is a foreign national or that he is not domiciled or resident in the State in which enforcement is sought.
SECTION 3
Common provisions
Article 46
A party seeking recognition or applying for enforcement of a judgment shall produce:
1. a copy of the judgment which satisfies the conditions necessary to establish its authenticity;
2. in the case of a judgment given in default, the original or a certified true copy of the document which establishes that the party in default was served with the document instituting the proceedings or with an equivalent document.
Article 47
A party applying for enforcement shall also produce:
1. documents which establish that, according to the law of the State in which it has been given, the judgment is enforceable and has been served;
2. where appropriate, a document showing that the applicant is in receipt of legal aid in the State in which the judgment was given.
Article 48
If the documents specified in Articles 46.2 and 47.2 are not produced, the court may specify a time for their production, accept equivalent documents or, if it considers that it has sufficient information before it, dispense with their production.
If the court so requires, a translation of the documents shall be produced; the translation shall be certified by a person qualified to do so in one of the Contracting States.
Article 49
No legalization or other similar formality shall be required in respect of the documents referred to in Articles 46 or 47 or the second paragraph of Article 48, or in respect of a document appointing a representative ad litem.
Title IV
AUTHENTIC INSTRUMENTS AND COURT SETTLEMENTS
Article 50
A document which has been formally drawn up or registered as an authentic instrument and is enforceable in one Contracting State shall, in another Contracting State, have an order for its enforcement issued there, on application made in accordance with the procedures provided for in Article 31 et seq. The application may be refused only if enforcement of the instrument is contrary to public policy in the State in which enforcement is sought.
The instrument produced must satisfy the conditions necessary to establish its authenticity in the State of origin.
The provisions of Section 3 of Title III shall apply as appropriate.
Article 51
A settlement which has been approved by a court in the course of proceedings and is enforceable in the State in which it was concluded shall be enforceable in the State in which enforcement is sought under the same conditions as authentic instruments.
Title V
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 52
In order to determine whether a party is domiciled in the Contracting State whose courts are seised of the matter, the court shall apply its internal law.
If a party is not domiciled in the State whose courts are seised of the matter, then, in order to determine whether the party is domiciled in another Contracting State, the court shall apply the law of that State.
The domicile of a party shall, however, be determined in accordance with his national law if, by that law, his domicile depends on that of another person or on the seat of an authority.
Article 53
For the purposes of this Convention, the seat of a company or other legal person or association of natural or legal persons shall be treated as its domicile. However, in order to determine that seat, the court shall apply its rules of private international law.
In order to determine whether a trust is domiciled in the Contracting State whose courts are seised of the matter, the court shall apply its rules of private international law.
Title VI
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 54
The provisions of this Convention shall apply only to legal proceedings instituted and to documents formally drawn up or registered as authentic instruments after its entry into force.
However, judgments given after the date of entry into force of this Convention in proceedings instituted before that date shall be recognized and enforced in accordance with the provisions of Title III if jurisdiction was founded upon rules which accorded with those provided for either in Title II of this Convention or in a convention concluded between the State of origin and the State addressed which was in force when the proceedings were instituted.
Title VII
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CONVENTIONS
Article 55
Subject to the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 54, and of Article 56, this Convention shall, for the States which are parties to it, supersede the following conventions concluded between two or more of them:
—the Convention between Belgium and France on jurisdiction and the validity and enforcement of judgments, arbitration awards and authentic instruments, signed at Paris on 8 July 1899;
—the Convention between Belgium and the Netherlands on jurisdiction, bankruptcy, and the validity and enforcement of judgments, arbitration awards and authentic instruments, signed at Brussels on 28 March 1925;
—the Convention between France and Italy on the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, signed at Rome on 3 June 1930;
—the Convention between the United Kingdom and the French Republic providing for the reciprocal enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, with Protocol, signed at Paris on 18 January 1934;
—the Convention between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Belgium providing for the reciprocal enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, with Protocol, signed at Brussels on 2 May 1934;
—the Convention between Germany and Italy on the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, signed at Rome on 9 March 1936;
—the Convention between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Kingdom of Belgium on the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments, arbitration awards and authentic instruments in civil and commercial matters, signed at Bonn on 30 June 1958;
—the Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Italian Republic on the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, signed at Rome on 17 April 1959;
—the Convention between the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Germany for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, signed at Bonn on 14 July 1960;
—the Convention between the Kingdom of Greece and the Federal Republic of Germany for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments, settlements and authentic instruments in civil and commercial matters, signed in Athens on 4 November 1961;
—the Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Italian Republic on the recognition and enforcement of judgments and other enforceable instruments in civil and commercial matters, signed at Rome on 6 April 1962;
—the Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany on the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments and other enforceable instruments in civil and commercial matters, signed at The Hague on 30 August 1962;
—the Convention between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Italy for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, signed at Rome on 7 February 1964, with amending Protocol signed at Rome on 14 July 1970;
—the Convention between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil matters, signed at The Hague on 17 November 1967,
and, in so far as it is in force:
—the Treaty between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg on jurisdiction, bankruptcy, and the validity and enforcement of judgments, arbitration awards and authentic instruments, signed at Brussels on 24 November 1961.
Article 56
The Treaty and the conventions referred to in Article 55 shall continue to have effect in relation to matters to which this Convention does not apply.
They shall continue to have effect in respect of judgments given and documents formally drawn up or registered as authentic instruments before the entry into force of this Convention.
Article 57
This Convention shall not affect any convention to which the Contracting States are or will be parties and which, in relation to particular matters, govern jurisdiction or the recognition or enforcement of judgments.
This Convention shall not affect the application of provisions which, in relation to particular matters, govern jurisdiction or the recognition or enforcement of judgments and which are or will be contained in acts of the institutions of the European Communities or in national laws harmonized in implementation of such acts.
(Article 25.2 of the 1978 Accession Convention provides:
“With a view to its uniform interpretation, paragraph 1 of Article 57 shall be applied in the following manner:
(a) the 1968 Convention as amended shall not prevent a court of a Contracting State which is a party to a convention on a particular matter from assuming jurisdiction in accordance with that convention, even where the defendant is domiciled in another Contracting State which is not a party to that convention. The court shall, in any event, apply Article 20 of the 1968 Convention as amended;
(b) a judgment given in a Contracting State in the exercise of jurisdiction provided for in a convention on a particular matter shall be recognized and enforced in the other Contracting States in accordance with the 1968 Convention as amended.
Where a convention on a particular matter to which both the State of origin and the State addressed are parties lays down conditions for the recognition or enforcement of judgments, those conditions shall apply. In any event, the provisions of the 1968 Convention as amended which concern the procedures for recognition and enforcement of judgments may be applied.”)
Article 58
This Convention shall not affect the rights granted to Swiss nationals by the Convention concluded on 15 June 1869 between France and the Swiss Confederation on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil matters.
Article 59
This Convention shall not prevent a Contracting State from assuming, in a convention on the recognition and enforcement of judgments, an obligation towards a third State not to recognize judgments given in other Contracting States against defendants domiciled or habitually resident in the third State where, in cases provided for in Article 4, the judgment could only be founded on a ground of jurisdiction specified in the second paragraph of Article 3.
However, a Contracting State may not assume an obligation towards a third State not to recognize a judgment given in another Contracting State by a court basing its jurisdiction on the presence within that State of property belonging to the defendant, or the seizure by the plaintiff of property situated there:
1. if the action is brought to assert or declare proprietary or possessory rights in that property, seeks to obtain authority to dispose of it, or arises from another issue relating to such property, or,
2. if the property constitutes the security for a debt which is the subject-matter of the action.
Title VIII
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 60
This Convention shall apply to the European territories of the Contracting States, including Greenland, to the French overseas departments and territories, and to Mayotte.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands may declare at the time of signing or ratifying this Convention or at any later time, by notifying the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities, that this Convention shall be applicable to the Netherlands Antilles. In the absence of such declaration, proceedings taking place in the European territory of the Kingdom as a result of an appeal in cassation from the judgment of a court in the Netherlands Antilles shall be deemed to be proceedings taking place in the latter court.
Notwithstanding the first paragraph, this Convention shall not apply to:
1. the Faroe Islands, unless the Kingdom of Denmark makes a declaration to the contrary;
2. any European territory situated outside the United Kingdom for the international relations of which the United Kingdom is responsible, unless the United Kingdom makes a declaration to the contrary in respect of any such territory.
Such declarations may be made at any time by notifying the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.
Proceedings brought in the United Kingdom on appeal from courts in one of the territories referred to in subparagraph 2 of the third paragraph shall be deemed to be proceedings taking place in those courts.
Proceedings which in the Kingdom of Denmark are dealt with under the law on civil procedure for the Faroe Islands (lov for Faerøerne om rettens pleje) shall be deemed to be proceedings taking place in the courts of the Faroe Islands.
Article 61
This Convention shall be ratified by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.
Article 62
This Convention shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the instrument of ratification by the last signatory State to take this step.
Article 63
The Contracting States recognize that any State which becomes a member of the European Economic Community shall be required to accept this Convention as a basis for the negotiations between the Contracting States and that State necessary to ensure the implementation of the last paragraph of Article 220 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community.
The necessary adjustments may be the subject of a special convention between the Contracting States of the one part and the new Member State of the other part.
Article 64
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of:
(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification;
(b) the date of entry into force of this Convention;
(c) any declaration received pursuant to Article 60;
(d) any declaration received pursuant to Article IV of the Protocol;
(e) any communication made pursuant to Article VI of the Protocol.
Article 65
The Protocol annexed to this Convention by common accord of the Contracting States shall form an integral part thereof.
Article 66
This Convention is concluded for an unlimited period.
Article 67
Any Contracting State may request the revision of this Convention. In this event, a revision conference shall be convened by the President of the Council of the European Communities.
Article 68
This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Dutch, French, German and Italian languages, all four texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory State.
(Signatures of Plenipotentiaries of the original six Contracting States)
ANNEXED PROTOCOL
The High Contracting Parties have agreed upon the following provisions, which shall be annexed to the Convention:
Article I
Any person domiciled in Luxembourg who is sued in a court of another Contracting State pursuant to Article 5.1 may refuse to submit to the jurisdiction of that court. If the defendant does not enter an appearance the court shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction.
An agreement conferring jurisdiction, within the meaning of Article 17, shall be valid with respect to a person domiciled in Luxembourg only if that person has expressly and specifically so agreed.
Article II
Without prejudice to any more favourable provisions of national laws, persons domiciled in a Contracting State who are being prosecuted in the criminal courts of another Contracting State of which they are not nationals for an offence which was not intentionally committed may be defended by persons qualified to do so, even if they do not appear in person.
However, the court seised of the matter may order appearance in person; in the case of failure to appear, a judgment given in the civil action without the person concerned having had the opportunity to arrange for his defence need not be recognized or enforced in the other Contracting States.
Article III
In proceedings for the issue of an order for enforcement, no charge, duty or fee calculated by reference to the value of the matter in issue may be levied in the State in which enforcement is sought.
Article IV
Judicial and extrajudicial documents drawn up in one Contracting State which have to be served on persons in another Contracting State shall be transmitted in accordance with the procedures laid down in the conventions and agreements concluded between the Contracting States.
Unless the State in which service is to take place objects by declaration to the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities, such documents may also be sent by the appropriate public officers of the State in which the document has been drawn up directly to the appropriate public officers of the State in which the addressee is to be found. In this case the officer of the State of origin shall send a copy of the document to the officer of the State addressed who is competent to forward it to the addressee. The document shall be forwarded in the manner specified by the law of the State addressed. The forwarding shall be recorded by a certificate sent directly to the officer of the State of origin.
Article V
The jurisdiction specified in Articles 6.2 and 10 in actions on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third party proceedings may not be resorted to in the Federal Republic of Germany. In that State, any person domiciled in another Contracting State may be sued in the courts in pursuance of Articles 68, 72, 73 and 74 of the code of civil procedure (Zivilprozeβordnung) concerning third-party notices.
Judgments given in the other Contracting States by virtue of Article 6.2 or Article 10 shall be recognized and enforced in the Federal Republic of Germany in accordance with Title III. Any effects which judgments given in that State may have on third parties by application of Articles 68, 72, 73 and 74 of the code of civil procedure (Zivilprozeβordnung) shall also be recognized in the other Contracting States.
Article Va
In matters relating to maintenance, the expression ‘court’ includes the Danish administrative authorities.
Article Vb
In proceedings involving a dispute between the master and a member of the crew of a sea-going ship registered in Denmark, in Greece or in Ireland, concerning remuneration or other conditions of service, a court in a Contracting State shall establish whether the diplomatic or consular officer responsible for the ship has been notified of the dispute. It shall stay the proceedings so long as he has not been notified. It shall of its own motion decline jurisdiction if the officer, having been duly notified, has exercised the powers accorded to him in the matter by a consular convention, or in the absence of such a convention, has, within the time allowed, raised any objection to the exercise of such jurisdiction.
Article Vc
Articles 52 and 53 of this Convention shall, when applied by Article 69 (5) of the Convention for the European Patent for the Common Market, signed at Luxembourg on 15 December 1975, to the provisions relating to ‘residence’ in the English text of that Convention, operate as if ‘residence’ in that text were the same as ‘domicile’ in Articles 52 and 53.
Article Vd
Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the European Patent Office under the Convention on the Grant of European Patents, signed at Munich on 5 October 1973, the courts of each Contracting State shall have exclusive jurisdiction, regardless of domicile, in proceedings concerned with the registration or validity of any European patent granted for that State which is not a Community patent by virtue of the provisions of Article 86 of the Convention for the European Patent for the Common Market, signed at Luxembourg on 15 December 1975.
Article VI
The Contracting States shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities the text of any provisions of their laws which amend either those articles of their laws mentioned in the Convention or the lists of courts specified in Section 2 of Title III of the Convention.
SECOND SCHEDULE
Text of the 1971 Protocol as amended by the 1978 Accession Convention and the 1982 Accession Convention.
Article 1
The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall have jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpretation of the Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters and of the Protocol annexed to that Convention, signed at Brussels on 27 September 1968, and also on the interpretation of the present Protocol.
The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall also have jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpretation of the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Convention of 27 September 1968 and to this Protocol.
The Court of Justice of the European Communities shall also have jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpretation of the Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic to the Convention of 27 September 1968 and to this Protocol, as adjusted by the 1978 Convention.
Article 2
The following courts may request the Court of Justice to give preliminary rulings on questions of interpretation:
1.—in Belgium: la Cour de Cassation—het Hof van Cassatie and le Conseil d'État—de Raad van State,
—in Denmark: højesteret,
—in the Federal Republic of Germany: die obersten Gerichtshöfe des Bundes,
—in Greece: the ανώτώτ διχασώήϱια,
—in France: la Cour de Cassation and le Conseil d'État,
—in Ireland: the Supreme Court,
—in Italy: la Corte Suprema di Cassazione,
—in Luxembourg: la Cour supérieure de Justice when sitting as Cour de Cassation,
—in the Netherlands: de Hoge Raad,
—in the United Kingdom: the House of Lords and courts to which application has been made under the second paragraph of Article 37 or under Article 41 of the Convention;
2. the courts of the Contracting States when they are sitting in an appellate capacity;
3. in the cases provided for in Article 37 of the Convention, the courts referred to in that Article.
Article 3
1. Where a question of interpretation of the Convention or of one of the other instruments referred to in Article 1 is raised in a case pending before one of the courts listed in Article 2.1, that court shall, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon.
2. Where such a question is raised before any court referred to in Article 2.2 or 2.3, that court may, under the conditions laid down in paragraph 1, request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon.
Article 4
1. The competent authority of a Contracting State may request the Court of Justice to give a ruling on a question of interpretation of the Convention or of one of the other instruments referred to in Article 1 if judgments given by courts of that State conflict with the interpretation given either by the Court of Justice or in a judgment of one of the courts of another Contracting State referred to in Article 2.1 or 2.2. The provisions of this paragraph shall apply only to judgments which have become res judicata.
2. The interpretation given by the Court of Justice in response to such a request shall not affect the judgments which gave rise to the request for interpretation.
3. The Procurators-General of the Courts of Cassation of the Contracting States, or any other authority designated by a Contracting State, shall be entitled to request the Court of Justice for a ruling on interpretation in accordance with paragraph 1.
4. The Registrar of the Court of Justice shall give notice of the request to the Contracting States, to the Commission and to the Council of the European Communities; they shall then be entitled within two months of the notification to submit statements of case or written observations to the Court.
5. No fees shall be levied or any costs or expenses awarded in respect of the proceedings provided for in this Article.
Article 5
1. Except where this Protocol otherwise provides, the provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community and those of the Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice annexed thereto, which are applicable when the Court is requested to give a preliminary ruling, shall also apply to any proceedings for the interpretation of the Convention and the other instruments referred to in Article 1.
2. The Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice shall, if necessary, be adjusted and supplemented in accordance with Article 188 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community.
Article 6
This Protocol shall apply to the European territories of the Contracting States, including Greenland, to the French overseas departments and territories, and to Mayotte.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands may declare at the time of signing or ratifying this Protocol or at any later time, by notifying the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities, that this Protocol shall be applicable to the Netherlands Antilles.
Notwithstanding the first paragraph, this Protocol shall not apply to:
1. the Faroe Islands, unless the Kingdom of Denmark makes a declaration to the contrary,
2. any European territory situated outside the United Kingdom for the international relations of which the United Kingdom is responsible, unless the United Kingdom makes a declaration to the contrary in respect of any such territory.
Such declarations may be made at any time by notifying the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.
Article 7
This Protocol shall be ratified by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.
Article 8
This Protocol shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the instrument of ratification by the last signatory State to take this step; provided that it shall at the earliest enter into force at the same time as the Convention of 27th September, 1968 on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters.
Article 9
The Contracting States recognise that any State which becomes a member of the European Economic Community, and to which Article 63 of the Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters applies, must accept the provisions of this Protocol, subject to such adjustments as may be required.
Article 10
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of:
(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification;
(b) the date of entry into force of this Protocol;
(c) any designation received pursuant to Article 4.3;
(d) any declaration received pursuant to Article 6.
Article 11
The Contracting States shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities the texts of any provisions of their laws which necessitate an amendment to the list of courts in Article 2.1.
Article 12
This Protocol is concluded for an unlimited period.
Article 13
Any Contracting State may request the revision of this Protocol. In this event, a revision conference shall be convened by the President of the Council of the European Communities.
Article 14
This Protocol, drawn up in a single original in the Dutch, French, German and Italian languages, all four texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory State.
THIRD SCHEDULE
Titles V and VI of the 1978 Accession Convention.
Title V
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 34
1. The 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol, with the amendments made by this Convention, shall apply only to legal proceedings instituted and to authentic instruments formally drawn up or registered after the entry into force of this Convention in the State of origin and, where recognition or enforcement of a judgment or authentic instrument is sought, in the State addressed.
2. However, as between the six Contracting States to the 1968 Convention, judgments given after the date of entry into force of this Convention in proceedings instituted before that date shall be recognised and enforced in accordance with the provisions of Title III of the 1968 Convention as amended.
3. Moreover, as between the six Contracting States to the 1968 Convention and the three States mentioned in Article 1 of this Convention, and as between those three States, judgments given after the date of entry into force of this Convention between the State of origin and the State addressed in proceedings instituted before that date shall also be recognised and enforced in accordance with the provisions of Title III of the 1968 Convention as amended if jurisdiction was founded upon rules which accorded with the provisions of Title II, as amended, or with provisions of a convention concluded between the State of origin and the State addressed which was in force when the proceedings were instituted.
Article 35
If the parties to a dispute concerning a contract had agreed in writing before the entry into force of this Convention that the contract was to be governed by the law of Ireland or of a part of the United Kingdom, the courts of Ireland or of that part of the United Kingdom shall retain the right to exercise jurisdiction in the dispute.
Article 36
For a period of three years from the entry into force of the 1968 Convention for the Kingdom of Denmark and Ireland respectively, jurisdiction in maritime matters shall be determined in these States not only in accordance with the provisions of that Convention but also in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs 1 to 6 following. However, upon the entry into force of the International Convention relating to the arrest of sea-going ships, signed at Brussels on 10 May 1952, for one of these States, these provisions shall cease to have effect for that State.
1. A person who is domiciled in a Contracting State may be sued in the courts of one of the States mentioned above in respect of a maritime claim if the ship to which the claim relates or any other ship owned by him has been arrested by judicial process within the territory of the latter State to secure the claim, or could have been so arrested there but bail or other security has been given, and either:
(a) the claimant is domiciled in the latter State; or
(b) the claim arose in the latter State; or
(c) the claim concerns the voyage during which the arrest was made or could have been made; or
(d) the claim arises out of a collision or out of damage caused by a ship to another ship or to goods or persons on board either ship, either by the execution or non-execution of a manoeuvre or by the non-observance of regulations; or
(e) the claim is for salvage; or
(f) the claim is in respect of a mortgage or hypothecation of the ship arrested.
2. A claimant may arrest either the particular ship to which the maritime claim relates, or any other ship which is owned by the person who was, at the time when the maritime claim arose, the owner of the particular ship. However, only the particular ship to which the maritime claim relates may be arrested in respect of the maritime claims set out in subparagraphs (o), (p) or (q) of paragraph 5 of this Article.
3. Ships shall be deemed to be in the same ownership when all the shares therein are owned by the same person or persons.
4. When in the case of a charter by demise of a ship the charterer alone is liable in respect of a maritime claim relating to that ship, the claimant may arrest that ship or any other ship owned by the charterer, but no other ship owned by the owner may be arrested in respect of such claim. The same shall apply to any case in which a person other than the owner of a ship is liable in respect of a maritime claim relating to that ship.
5. The expression “maritime claim” means a claim arising out of one or more of the following:
(a) damage caused by any ship either in collision or otherwise;
(b) loss of life or personal injury caused by any ship or occurring in connection with the operation of any ship;
(c) salvage;
(d) agreement relating to the use or hire of any ship whether by charterparty or otherwise;
(e) agreement relating to the carriage of goods in any ship whether by charterparty or otherwise;
(f) loss of or damage to goods including baggage carried in any ship;
(g) general average;
(h) bottomry;
(i) towage;
(j) pilotage;
(k) goods or materials wherever supplied to a ship for her operation or maintenance;
(l) construction, repair or equipment of any ship or dock charges and dues;
(m) wages of masters, officers or crew;
(n) master's disbursements, including disbursements made by shippers, charterers or agents on behalf of a ship or her owner;
(o) dispute as to the title to or ownership of any ship;
(p) disputes between co-owners of any ship as to the ownership, possession, employment or earnings of that ship;
(q) the mortgage or hypothecation of any ship.
6. In Denmark, the expression “arrest” shall be deemed as regards the maritime claims referred to in subparagraphs (o) and (p) of paragraph 5 of this Article, to include a forbud, where that is the only procedure allowed in respect of such a claim under Articles 646 to 653 of the law on civil procedure (lov om rettens pleje).
Title VI
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 37
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall transmit a certified copy of the 1968 Convention and of the 1971 Protocol in the Dutch, French, German and Italian languages to the Governments of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The texts of the 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol, drawn up in the Danish, English and Irish languages, shall be annexed to this Convention. The texts drawn up in the Danish, English and Irish languages shall be authentic under the same conditions as the original texts of the 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol.
Article 38
This Convention shall be ratified by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.
Article 39
This Convention shall enter into force, as between the States which shall have ratified it, on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the last instrument of ratification by the original Member States of the Community and one new Member State.
It shall enter into force for each new Member State which subsequently ratifies it on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification.
Article 40
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of:
(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification,
(b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States.
Article 41
This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish and Italian languages, all seven texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory State.
FOURTH SCHEDULE
Titles V and VI of the 1982 Accession Convention.
Title V
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 12
1. The 1968 Convention and the 1971 Protocol, as amended by the 1978 Convention and this Convention, shall apply only to legal proceedings instituted and to authentic instruments formally drawn up or registered after the entry into force of this Convention in the State of origin and, where recognition or enforcement of a judgment or authentic instrument is sought, in the State addressed.
2. However, judgments given after the date of entry into force of this Convention between the State of origin and the State addressed in proceedings instituted before that date shall be recognised and enforced in accordance with the provisions of Title III of the 1968 Convention, as amended by the 1978 Convention and this Convention, if jurisdiction was founded upon rules which accorded with the provisions of Title II of the 1968 Convention, as amended, or with the provisions of a convention which was in force between the State of origin and the State addressed when the proceedings were instituted.
Title VI
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 13
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall transmit a certified copy of the 1968 Convention, of the 1971 Protocol and of the 1978 Convention in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish and Italian languages to the Government of the Hellenic Republic.
The texts of the 1968 Convention, of the 1971 Protocol and of the 1978 Convention, drawn up in the Greek language, shall be annexed to this Convention. The texts drawn up in the Greek language shall be authentic under the same conditions as the other texts of the 1968 Convention, the 1971 Protocol and the 1978 Convention.
Article 14
This Convention shall be ratified by the signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities.
Article 15
This Convention shall enter into force, as between the States which have ratified it, on the first day of the third month following the deposit of the last instrument of ratification by the Hellenic Republic and those States which have put into force the 1978 Convention in accordance with Article 39 of that Convention.
It shall enter into force for each Member State which subsequently ratifies it on the first day of the third month following the deposit of its instrument of ratification.
Article 16
The Secretary-General of the Council of the European Communities shall notify the signatory States of:
(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification;
(b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting States.
Article 17
This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish and Italian languages, all eight texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities. The Secretary-General shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each signatory State.
FIFTH SCHEDULE
Domicile.
Part I
1. An individual is domiciled in the State, or in a state other than a Contracting State if, but only if, he is ordinarily resident in the State or in that other state.
2. An individual is domiciled in a place in the State if, but only if, he is domiciled in the State and is ordinarily resident or carries on any profession, business or occupation in that place.
Part II
1. Tá sainchónaí ar dhuine sa Stát nó i stát seachas Stát Conarthach i gcás go bhfuil cónaí air de ghnáth sa Stát nó sa stát eile sin, agus sa chás sin amháin.
2. Tá sainchónaí ar dhuine in áit sa Stát i gcás go bhfuil sainchónaí air sa Stát agus go bhfuil cónaí air de ghnáth, nó gairm, gnó nó slí bheatha á sheoladh aige, san áit sin, agus sa chás sin amháin.
Part III
1. A corporation or association has its seat in the State if, but only if—
(a) it was incorporated or formed under the law of the State, or
(b) its central management and control is exercised in the State.
2. A corporation or association has its seat in a particular place in the State if, but only if, it has its seat in the State and—
(a) it has its registered office or some other official address at that place, or
(b) its central management and control is exercised in that place or it is carrying on business in that place.
3. Subject to paragraph 4 of this Part, a corporation or association has its seat in a state other than the State if, but only if—
(a) it was incorporated or formed under the law of that state, or
(b) its central management and control is exercised in that state.
4. A corporation or association shall not be regarded as having its seat in a Contracting State other than the State if—
(a) it has its seat in the State by virtue of paragraph 1 (a) of this Part, or
(b) it is shown that the courts of that other state would not regard it for the purposes of Article 16.2 as having its seat there.
5. In this Part—
“association” means an unincorporated body of persons;
“business” includes any activity carried on by a corporation or association;
“corporation” means a body corporate;
“official address” means, in relation to a corporation or association, an address which it is required by law to register, notify or maintain for the purpose of receiving notices or other communications.
Part IV
1. Tá suíomh ag corparáid nó comhlachas sa Stát i gcás—
(a) gur corpraíodh í nó gur foirmíodh é faoi dhlí an Stáit, nó
(b) go bhfuil bainistíocht lárnach agus rialú na corparáide nó an chomhlachais á bhfeidhmiú sa Stát,
agus sa chás sin amháin.
2. Tá suíomh ag corparáid nó comhlachas in áit áirithe sa Stát i gcás go bhfuil a suíomh nó a shuíomh sa Stát agus—
(a) go bhfuil oifig chláraithe nó seoladh éigin eile oifigiúil aici nó aige ag an áit sin, nó
(b) go bhfuil bainistíocht lárnach agus rialú na corparáide nó an chomhlachais á bhfeidhmiú san áit sin nó gnó á sheoladh aici nó aige san áit sin,
agus sa chás sin amháin.
3. Faoi réir mhír 4 den Chuid seo, tá suíomh ag corparáid nó comhlachas i stát seachas an Stát i gcás—
(a) gur corpraíodh í nó gur foirmíodh é faoi dhlí an stáit sin, nó
(b) go bhfuil bainistíocht lárnach agus rialú na corparáide nó an chomhlachais á bhfeidhmiú sa stát sin,
agus sa chás sin amháin.
4. Ní mheasfar suíomh corparáide nó comhlachais a bheith i Stát Conarthach seachas an Stát i gcás—
(a) go bhfuil suíomh ag an gcorparáid nó ag an gcomhlachas sa Stát de bhua mhír 1 (a) den Chuid seo, nó
(b) go dtaispeánfar nach measfadh cúirteanna an stáit eile sin suíomh a bheith ag an gcorparáid nó ag an gcomhlachas ansin chun críocha Airteagal 16.2.
5. Sa Chuid seo—
ciallaíonn “comhlachas” comhlacht neamhchorpraithe daoine;
ciallaíonn “corparáid” comhlacht corpraithe;
folaíonn “gnó” aon ghníomhaíocht atá á seoladh ag corparáid nó comhlachas;
ciallaíonn “seoladh oifigiúil”, i ndáil le corparáid nó comhlachas, seoladh a cheanglaítear uirthi nó air, le dlí, a chlárú, a chur in iúl nó a choimeád chun fógraí nó cumarsáidí eile a fháil.
Part V
A trust is domiciled in the State if, but only if, the law of the State is the system of law with which the trust has its closest and most real connection.
Part VI
Tá sainchónaí ar iontaobhas sa Stát i gcás gurb é dlí an Stáit an córas dlí is mó a bhfuil dlúthbhaint agus baint dháiríre aige leis, agus sa chás sin amháin.